598 REVIEWS 



St. Croix and Pepm are due to recent and still progressing deposition of alluvium in 

 valleys which were deeply eroded by outflow from glacial lakes. 



MINNESOTA. 



Brower, J. B. Kakabikansing. St. Paul, Minn.: H. L. Collins & Co., 

 Publishers, 1002. 

 Reviewed by T. C. Chamberlin in this Journal, Vol. X, pp. 794-98. 



Upham, Warren. Giant Kettles Eroded by Moulin Torrents. Bull. Geol. 



Soc. Am., Vol. XII, pp. 25-45, 1901. 



A description is given of very large potholes near Taylor's Falls, Minn., which 

 are compared with other potholes both in North America and in Europe. Attention 

 is called to the other ways in which potholes are produced (by subserial waterfalls 

 and rapids), as well as by moulin torrents and subglacial streams. Those by the 

 latter processes may have been formed in the early part of the glacial epoch, though 

 some appear to date from the late part. It is thought they may be formed very rap- 

 idly, a single season perhaps being long enough to scour out one 20 to 50 feet 

 deep. 



WiNCHELL, N. H. Glacial Lakes of Minnesota. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 

 XII, pp. 109-28, PI. 12, igoi. 



This paper attempts to bring into one general view, with a brief description, the 

 glacial lakes of Minnesota in their order of development. Twenty-six lakes are thus 

 treated, many of which had not previously received names. The altitude of the outlet 

 of each lake is given. The lowest is that of Lake Shakopee, 875 feet, and the highest, 

 Lake Elftman, 1,700 feet. With this discussion of the lakes is given an account' of 

 the general manner of retreat of the ice-border. Attention is also directed to small 

 glacial lakes along the Coteau de Prairie, which are not named, but have served to 

 produce a remarkable topograph3\ The paper closes with a reference to small lakes 

 which laid in the deep gorges of the Mississippi within the driftless area and which 

 owed their existence to glacial damming. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Todd, J. E. Moraines and Maxinitun Diurnal Temperature. Science, Vol. 



XIV, pp. 794, 795. 1901. 



From the fact that the moraines in the James River valley are wider and rougher 

 on the west side of the valley than on the east, it is suggested in explanation that, 

 the maximum diurnal temperature being higher after noon, the western half of an ice- 

 lobe will receive more heat, and consequently be more active, than the eastern. As a 

 general proposition it is stated that in the northern hemisphere the southern side of 

 an east or west flowing glacier will be the more active and have its strongest move- 

 ment toward the south. It is recognized that the influence of diurnal temperature 

 may in certain cases be counteracted by other conditions. 



Todd, J. E. Hydrographic History of South Dakota. Bull. Geol. Soc. 



Am., Vol. XIII, pp. 27-40, 1902. 



The paper opens with a discussion of orogenic movements before the Pliocene, 

 concerning which but little is known. The movements in the Pliocene are then 



