174 DR. R. VERITY : REVISION OF THE 



lie used and which were longer, thicker, and coarser than Smith's ; (3) the 

 way the wings were set ; (4) the important fact that Linnseus marked 

 in ]ns own interleaved copy of Syst. Naturae, XII. edit., every species he 

 possessed specimens of, by underlining with ink the number corresponding 

 to it. With but one or two exceptions, I have been able to find all the 

 specimens thus recorded ; and in some instances I found a specimen 

 labelled by him in the collection, but which he had evidently forgotten 

 to mark in the book. Smith followed the same method, but fortunately 

 always used pencil-marks. 



It must furthermore be borne in mind that, as regards the species de- 

 scribed in the work on the Queen Ludovica Ulrica's Museum (few in the 

 case of Palaearctic), Linnseus's specimens cannot be regarded as the actual 

 " types," but only as " co-types." We know that the Queen presented 

 Linnaeus with duplicates when she possessed more than two examples, and 

 we also learn from Brander's letter, dated 23rd of August, 1756, that 

 he used to send series of specimens both to the Queen and to Linnaeus. 



Entomologists do not seem to have in all cases noted in which of 

 Linn?eus^s works the first descri]:)tion of the different species appeared ; so 

 I have thought it useful to mark the date of the original description aftei- 

 each one, and it should be understood that they refer to the following- 

 works : — 



1758. Systema Natur«?, X. edit. 



1761. Fauna Suecica, II. edit. 



1764. Museum Ludovica3 Ulricre. 



1767. Systema Naturae, XII. edit. 



In the following list oi" Linnean species I have adopted the modern 

 generic nomenclature and classification, so as to render reference easier ; at 

 the head of each paragraph I have noted the specimens which I have been 

 able to recognise with certainty as Linnean, and added a few observations 

 which I think may be of some interest. 



In all cases in which the examination of the types seems to necessitate 

 alteration in nomenclature, I have endeavoured to set forth as clearly as 

 possible the grounds on which I venture to suggest these alterations, with a 

 view to coming to a definite settlement. At the end of this paper a list of 

 these alterations is given. 



The species marked by Linnaeus as being in his collection are in the 

 following pages marked by an asterisk, thus, ^. 



*Papilio podalirius [(1758)-1764]. Only one Linnean specimen, which 

 bears this name in Linnaeus's handwriting. It is a female of the bntterfly 

 generally known as F. feisthameli, Dup., African summer brood lotteri, Aust. 

 — The other specimen which accompanies it bears a date (1786) posterior to 

 the transference of the collection to England. 



