LINNEAN TYPES OF PAL.EARCTIC RHOPALOCEKA. 177 



*PiEKis NAPI [1758']. Only one specimen ; this is obviously Linnean, 

 and bears his label. It is a male of the Scandinavian race : small, basal 

 suffusion of wings widespread and very black ; apical marking extending far 

 backwards along outer margin; on the underside neuration of fore wings 

 distinctl}'- bordered with grey scaling, that of liind wings with very broad 

 and very dark olive-green veins. The female is English and has been added 

 in by Smith. 



The Linnean " type " is identical with the specimen I have figured in 

 ' Rhopalocera Palsearctica/ pi. 32. fig. 32, i. e. to the race which on p. 333 

 I discussed and proposed to distinguish under the name of arctica, assuming 

 the nimotypical form to be the common spring form of Central and Southern 

 Europe. In reality the Scandinavian race is more closely allied to the Alpine 

 hryonke than to the so-called napi^ but as it seems to constitute a sort of 

 intermediate race betw-een the two, I should not be inclined personally to 

 substitute the name of napi for that of bryonice simply on this ground ; more- 

 over, the present state of things regarding this group of Pieris is verv 

 unsatisfactory, and as yet we have reached no definite conclusion as to the 

 biological degree of distinctness between napi, hrijonicc, ochsenJieimeri, friy'ida, 

 and the allied North-American butterflies. 



Suffice it, then, now to have established that the Scandinavian race is 

 the nimotypical one, and to distinguish from it the well-known butterfly of 

 Central and Southern Europe whose summer brood Esper has named napcece, 

 and which in the first generation, though more similar to hryonice and the 

 Linnean napn, can be distinguished from it by its larger size, more elongated 

 wings, very reduced basal suffusion, shorter apical black crescent, shadeless 

 neuration of the underside of fore wings, narrower, more sharply outlined 

 and more vividly green veins of hind wings, and by the fact that the female 

 never offers examples of the form with yellow ground-colour and ample 

 brown suffusion. 



I propose the name of vulgaris, taking as typical the first brood of the 

 neighbourhood of Florence (Italy), because amongst the races I kno^v it is 

 that which keeps most constantly distinct from the Linnean one. 



If it be biologically proved in future that this butterfly is specifically distinct 

 from hryonioi, no doubt the Linnean race will have to be grouped with this 

 last and vulgaris will rise to specific rank as compared with napi, whilst the 

 name bryonice will serve to differentiate the Alpine race from the Arctic one. 



*PiEEis RAP^ [1758]. The only Linnean specimen bears his label. It 

 is a male of the first brood, with pale grey apical crescent, no discoidal spot, 

 and underside of hind wings suffused with a thick black dusting ; presumably- 

 Scandinavian. 



Thus we find that the Linnean nimotypical form of this species is identical 

 with metra, Stephens (1827), and immaculata, Fologne (1857), and that it is 



