XII CONTENTS. 



Fossil Corals prom Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, etc. — Con. 

 Geologic history of the upper Eocene and later coral faunas of Central 



America, the West Indies, and the eastern United States — Continued. Page. 



Oligocene 198 



Lower Oligocene 198 



Middle Oligocene 199 



Antigua formation 199 



Pepino formation of Porto Rico. . . : 203 



Limestone above conglomerate near Guantanamo, Cuba 204 



Basal part of Chattahoochee formation in Georgia 205 



' ' Coral limestone " of Salt Mountain, Alabama 206 



San Rafael formation of eastern Mexico 206 



Tonosi, Panama 207 



Serro Colorado, Arube 207 



Concluding remarks on the middle Oligocene 207 



Upper Oligocene 208 



Culebra formation 208 



Emperador limestone 208 



Anguilla formation 209 



Cuban localities 210 



Tampa formation of Florida 211 



Concluding remarks on the upper Oligocene 211 



Miocene 212 



Bowden marl 212 



Santo Domingo 213 



Cuba 218 



Baracoa and Matanzas 218 



La Cruz marl 218 



Florida 219 



Alum Bluff formation 219 



Middle and South Atlantic States 220 



Costa Rica 221 



Panama 221 



Colombia 221 



Concluding remarks on the Miocene 221 



Pliocene 222 



Caloosahatchee marl, Florida 222 



Limon, Costa Rica 223 



Carrizo Creek, California 223 



Pleistocene 225 



Summary of the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of the Ter- 

 tiary and Pleistocene coral-faunas of Central America and the West 



Indies. 226 



Table of stratigraphic and geographic distribution of species 228 



Conditions under which the West Indian, Central American, and Floridian 

 coral reefs have formed, and their bearing on theories of coral-reef forma- 

 tion 238 



Definition of the term "coral reef" 238 



Ecology of reef -forming corals 240 



Hypotheses of the formation of coral reefs 241 



Tests of coral-reef hypotheses 246 



Criteria for recognizing shift in position of strand line 246 



