TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOME SOUTH-AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 301 



which the Y-shaped tentacular process is situated. The transverse black streaks on 

 the 2nd and 3rd segments have a line of ferruginous ocellate spots variegated with 

 light blue and yellow. The black diagonal streaks on 7th, 8th, and 9th segments are 

 mottled with rather indistinct purple ocellate markings, and edged outwardly with 

 fine lines of pale yellow. There are also short diagonal streak-like spots on the 9th 

 and 12th segments just above the white spiracular line. Two yellow tubercles over 

 the anal extremity. 



The pupa also varies in colour according to its surroundings : the most common 

 form is light green, paling to two yellow subdorsal streaks ; head and cephalic 

 prominences (which are well-marked) brown, as is also the thoracic prominence 

 posteriorly, from which a broad brown streak extends almost to the anal extremity. 

 Several dark green and brown spots on the segments. 



I first bred this larva at Ladysmith, in the high level zone, in April 1898, on a plant 

 named Clausena incequalis ; the larva? began pupating on the 7th April, and the first 

 imago emerged on 12th October, 1898. I noticed that these specimens were smaller 

 than those which I subsequently reared on lemon-leaves at Maritzburg in December 

 and January following ; these individuals only averaged a fortnight in the pupal stage. 



This is the commonest and most widely distributed Papilio in S. Africa. 



18. Papilio nieeus (Cramer). (Plate XLVI. figs. 41-44, larva; fig. 45, head of 

 larva with tentacles.) 



Larva. 1st stage. Ground-colour black, paling to greenish on the sides, the under 

 surface, thoracic legs, and claspers being greenish yellow : head, thoracic, 10th, 11th, 

 and 12th segments surmounted by orange-coloured tubercles in pairs ; the pairs on the 

 three thoracic segments being joined by transverse orange lines bearing two to three 

 tubercles each, smaller than those at the extremities. 7th, 8th, and 9th segments 

 ferruginous ; 5th, 6th, and 10th segments black superiorly with white sides. In this 

 stage the larva somewhat resembles that of P. deniodocus. In some individuals the 

 black markings are replaced by very dark green. 



2nd stage. Ground-colour grass-green superiorly, under surface greyish white. No 

 ferruginous markings on 7th, 8th, and 9th segments, and no lateral white spots on 

 5th, 6th, and 10th segments, these being replaced by a pale lemon-coloured lateral 

 streak. The tubercles, which have become light lemon-coloured, are confined to the 

 thoracic and 12th segments. 



Zrd stage {final). Ground-colour generally dark green, but, like P. demodocus, varying 

 according to the colour of the leaves of the food-plant. A wide pale greenish-blue 

 oval area with a thin whitish line across its centre, on the summit of the 3rd and 4th 

 segments, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by a transverse line of ocellate spots : — 

 the anterior series outlined in black on an ochreous transverse band, the ocelli at the 



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