64 THE entomologist's record. 



There are other species that I have investigated, but am unable to 

 accept as belonging to my subject, or could not ascertain enough about 

 them to make them material for study. These are: — HaAena pere- 

 firi)ia, immigrant ; Scsia ichni'nmoniforimx, ?coast ; Cramhua alpinellm, 

 ? always coast; C. salincUKs, coast; C contaminelbui, coast; Gynanrtjcla 

 vandla, coast ; Anerastia farrdla, Nijctenretis achatinella, Melisi^ublaptes 

 anella, Anerastia lotella, probably require the warmth of our coast 

 winter; Anthrocera jmrpuralh fiiiinosj; Ocnistis quadra; iJasycliira 

 fas^cdina ; Ar/ilistis hennettii, British only; EpichuDpterijx rcticdla, 

 British and Dutch coasts ; Mdliuia ocdlaris, hardly coast, immigrant ; 

 A(/rotis canddayum var. ashwortliii, hardly coast ; Lithosia dcplana, 

 lldiot/iis dipsaceiis, Boletobia fidiijinaria, Drepana liarpaijida [dcida), 

 hardly coast ; Pachetra Icucaphaca, not coast ; Fidonia limbaria, Scoria 

 dcalbata, Thi/iiidicits lineola, not coast ; / Aciptilia spilodarti/la ; A[/r<i- 

 tcra nemoralia, not coast; Kpischnia banhrsidla, not on continent; 

 Eiiri/crcon palealis, not coast ; Aplasia nnonaria, immigrant ; Xoiioria 

 viridata, not co&st ; Butija repandalis, probably group 8 ; Xylina f'lirci- 

 fcra : X. zinckenii ; A(jrotis ripae, always coast ; Crauibus rordliix ; 

 J>asi/cainpa rnbii/inea, not coast ; Sterrha sacraria, immigrant. 



I 



Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Orthoptera. 



By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 



{Continued f row p. 45.) 



The locust invasions of the Old World have been sketched historic- 

 ally by many authors. Following the biblical accounts, which refer 

 more especially to Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, we find that Ororius 

 records that, " in the year of the world 3800 " certain regions of North 

 Africa were visited by immense swarms which were blown into the sea, 

 and that the bodies washed ashore " stank more than the corpses of 

 100,000 men." St. Augustine mentions a locust plague that occurred 

 in the kingdom of Masinissa the disease and want arising from which 

 resulted in the death of 800,000 men. Pliny states that locusts immi- 

 grate into Italy from Africa, whilst a locust invasion of Germany was 

 recorded in 1333 and one of Switzerland in 1384. Mouffet notes that 

 in 1478 the country about Venice was invaded and 30,000 people died 

 of famine. In 1725 the district about Rome was overrun, and in 1747 

 the whole of southern and middle Europe, especially the countries 

 drained by the Danube — Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania. 

 Adamson gave a very descriptive account of a swarm that he himself 

 witnessed in 1750. He writes : " In this voyage I was witness myself 

 for the first time to the mischief done by locusts, that scourge so dread- 

 ful to hot climates. The third day after our arrival we were still in the 

 road, when there suddenly arose over our heads, towards eight o'clock 

 in the morning, a thick cloud which darkened the air, and deprived us 

 of the rays of the sun. Everybody was surprised at so sudden a change 

 in the sky, which is seldom overcast in this season ; but we soon found 

 it was owing to a cloud of locusts, raised about 20 or 30 fathoms above 

 the ground, and covering an extent of several leagues, upon which it 

 poured a shower of these insects, which fell to devouring while they 

 rested themselves, and then resumed their flight. This cloud was 

 brought by a very strong east wind ; it was all the morning in passing 



