ORTHOPTEEA. 73 



mencing to go over and put in bandboxes. Among other species, 

 Citria ftdraf/n f ccrai/o), ('. fJarai/d I ailcKjo), Fupitlucla tcnitiata, and 

 (rrapJiDlitJia nisana, are sure to be bred. 



IG. — The larvae of Apamca loianunis hybernate and spin their 

 cocoons in April. These may be found under decayed bark on willows, 

 in stems of thistles, burdock, teazle, or, in fact, anything that alibrds 

 sufficient concealment. 



17. — The larva of Acroli'pia perlqndella mines the lower leaves of 

 young plants of Inula conyza in April and the beginning of May, com- 

 pletely hollowing them out until they become mere brown bladders 

 mottled with scattered excrement (Grigg). 



18. — During April and May the larvie of Gelcchia viscaridla are to 

 be found in the tops of Liiclnm. 



19. — The larva of Iletinia turionana feeds early in April in the 

 central shoot of Scotch fir ^Pmns .s'/y^ccsimy, clearing out the centre. 

 The larva of 11. I'inivorana occurs in the same foodplant a fortnight 

 later, preferring, however, the side shoots to the central one. 



20. — The imagines of Amphysa prodromana fly during the late 

 morning and early afternoon sunshine amongst Callnna ndf/aris and 

 Vacci)iinm )ii>/rtilliis in April. Towards three or four o'clock they settle 

 on the tips of the twigs, and at this time, too, the females may be 

 found frequently in cop. 



21. — In x\pril the pupa3 of Ephippiplwra pfliiijiana may be obtained 

 from thistle stems. 



22. — The roots of Artciiiif^ia ruhjarh should be collected in April 

 for Kphipipphova fdcneana and DicJirnrJiampha siinpliciana. 



23. — The larva of Chrof^is rutilana feeds in a slight web on tho 

 shoots of juniper in April and ]\Iay. 



24. — Roots of L'entaurea niiira collected in April will produce 

 Xantliosctia zim/ana in July. 



25. — At the end of April the swollen roots of Stachi/a paluf^tri^i 

 should be collected for the larvae of Orthotaenia antiqnana. 



26. — The roots of sorrel collected at Folkestone in April give 

 larvae of SVsm rJinjKidifnnnis and Sropana iniiratella. 



27. — -The larva of (Tcomctra painlionaria must be searched for on birch 

 trees in April. It exactly resembles a birch catkin at that time of the 

 year, and all suspicious-looking catkins should be carefully examined. 



N.B. — For similar series of " Practical Hints " for these months 

 see vols, x., pp. 77-79 ; ix., pp. G7-G8 ; iv., pp. 78-79 : ii., pp. '11-15. 



(g)RTHOPTERA. 



On the Abbreviation of Organs of Flight in Orthoptera. 



By MALCOLM BUER, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 



On looking through a good representative collection of Orthoptera 

 from any region, probably the first thing that will strike the casual 

 observer is the large number of species in which the organs of flight 

 are absent, rudimentary, or at least quite useless for lifting their 

 owners into the air. This degeneration of the wings is also quite 

 noticeable in other orders, above all, in the Rhynchota, but in no case 

 is it carried to such an extreme as in the Orthoptera. There are not 

 only genera, but whole families which arc incapable of flight, and it 



