JJ6 THE entomologist's bbcor©. 



leg pieces remain fixed by one end, the other ends slope outwards and 

 form sides to the funnel. From this point also extends directly back- 

 wards (as opposed to forwards) another cable of filmy chitin, which is 

 attached by its other extremity to the end of the wings where they form 

 part of the solid pupal mass. This is no doubt the pupal covering of 

 both the mesothoracic femora, and it fastens these face-pieces down 

 solidly in position against the opening of the sack. 



We have, then, within the sack, the undivided mass of the pupa-case 

 as far forwards as the 3rd thoracic and the anterior wing-cases of 2nd 

 thoracic, outside the sack, but closely appressed to its mouth, a ring 

 formed of the 1st thoracic parts, both the dorsal portion that is 

 exposed and the ventral portion that is covered, in the pupa. This 

 ring carries other parts, so as to make a funnel-shaped opening, ('/~., 

 the head- and face-parts, the leg-cases of its own segment and of the 

 2nd thoracic. Its own plates, supplemented by the dorsal head-pieces, 

 slope outwards dorso-laterally, the first legs with face-parts slope out 

 ventrally, and between these the second leg coverings. These two 

 portions of the pupa are held firmly together in front by a ligament, 

 formed chiefly of the 2nd femora, dorsally by the stiff mesothorax, 

 continuous with its wings below, and articulated to the dorsal end of 

 the prothorax above, and forming at the same time a spring to keep 

 the mouth of the sack (and pupa case) open. 



Entomological Science in Schools. 



By ALLEN S. HEPDEN. 



Knowledge of the great interest which the Editor of TJie Ento- 

 molo(jist's Record has in the scientific training of children in our 

 Elementary Schools and the suspicion that many entomologists are 

 themselves managers of these schools, impel me to place before the 

 readers of this magazine some of the " facts " which are taught in 

 these schools under the name of Elementary Science. The Education 

 Department awards large sums of money as grant aids to managers of 

 such schools for many subjects, of which this is probal)ly the most 

 favoured. As teachers cannot possibly become specialists in every 

 branch of science, and as this subject has to be taught as an introduction 

 in general science (specialisation taking place later), it follows that 

 these guides of the young intellect must have recourse to text books, 

 and, indeed, the School Board for London decrees that where Elemen- 

 tary Science is taught, a reader dealing with it shall be in use in the 

 classes taking it, so that the teacher is compelled to use the latter, in 

 addition to his own manual. In theory teachers may be said to be 

 allowed to choose their own books, in practice they have to select from 

 a list already chosen for them. From these reading-books, I have 

 culled a few glaring errors and instances of gross ignorance on the part 

 of the authors, which errors are being instilled daily into the minds of 

 the rising generation as truths. I will only give here a few of the 

 extracts which appeal more particularly to entomologists as such. Here 

 are some : 



Lepidopteea. 

 A.J. — " Look at that beautiful butterfly ! Thyowjhout the cold dark 

 winter it was not the (jay creature it now is. It was a dull-looking/ grub or 



