officials from approximately twenty countries from all areas of the world. 

 The four volumes of this report comprise the proceedings of that conference. 



Volume 1 provides an overview of the issues as well as the introductory 

 remarks and reactions from top officials of the United Nations Environment 

 Program and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, two U.S. 

 Senators, and representatives from industry, academia, and environmental 

 groups. Volumes 2, 3, and 4 provide more detailed investigations on the 



effects of ozone depletion, climate change, and the rise in sea- level that 

 might result from a global warming. (Modified Preface). 



093 ETKINS, R. , and EPSTEIN, E. S. 1982. "The Rise of Global Mean Sea- 

 Level as an Indication of Climate Change," Science . Vol 215, No. 4530, 

 pp 287-289. 



Rising mean sea-level, it is proposed, is a significant indicator of 

 global climate change. The principal factors that can have contributed to the 

 observed increases of global mean sea- level in recent decades are thermal 

 expansion of the oceans and the discharge of polar ice sheets. Calculations 

 indicate that thermal expansion cannot be the sole factor responsible for the 

 observed rise in sea-level over the last 40 years; significant discharges of 

 polar ice must also be occurring. Global warming, due in some degree 

 presumably to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, has been opposed by the 

 extraction of heat necessary to melt the discharged ice. During the past 

 40 years more than 50,000 cubic kilometer of ice has been discharged and has 

 melted, reducing the surface warming that might otherwise have occurred by as 

 much as a factor of 2. The transfer of mass from the polar regions to a thin 

 spherical shell covering all the oceans should have increased the earth's 

 moment of inertia and correspondingly reduced the speed of rotation by about 

 1.5 parts in 10*. This accounts for about three quarters of the observed 

 fractional reduction in the earth's angular velocity since 1940. Monitoring 

 of global mean sea- level, ocean surface temperatures, and the earth's speed of 

 rotation should be complemented by monitoring of the polar ice sheets, as is 

 now possible by satellite altimetry. All parts of the puzzle need to be exa- 

 mined in order that a consistent picture emerge. (Authors). 



094 EVANS, D. L. 1985. "Vertical Structure of the Brazil Current," Nature . 

 Vol 315, pp 48-50. 



Recent interest in world climate and interaction of the ocean and atmos- 

 phere have led to studies of the meridional fluxes of fresh water and heat in 

 the ocean. Several such studies have noted the asymmetry of heat fluxes 

 between the North and South Atlantic oceans. In particular, the fluxes across 

 both 24° N and 24° S appear to be northward. Crucial to all of the direct 

 calculation techniques is an accurate estimate of the transport of the western 

 boundary currents. In the North Atlantic, useful measurements in the Florida 

 Current over a long period of time are available. For the much less studied 

 South Atlantic, no comparable time series has been made. The direct measure- 

 ments of Brazil Current velocities near 23° S reported here show southward 



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