island migration will begin and the ocean shore retreat rate will likely 

 increase of five to eight times the present rate. (Author). 



096 EVERTS, C. H. 1985. "Sea-Level Rise Effects on Shoreline Position," 

 Journal of Waterway. Port. Coastal and Ocean Engineering . Vol 111, No. 6, 

 pp 985-999. 



Using a conservation of sand approach, the effects of a rising sea sur- 

 face are quantified and separated from other causes of shore retreat. Site-- 

 specific data important in predicting shoreline changes are: (1) Initial 

 shoreface and backbeach profile; (2) subsequent backbeach profile; (3) rela- 

 tive sea-level rise; (4) grain size distribution of sediment landward of the 

 shoreface; and (5) net quantity of sand-sized material that enters or leaves a 

 specified coastal reach. A key element of the approach, Bruun's assumption of 

 a shoreface is dynamic equilibrium with the sea surface, was evaluated and 

 found to be reasonably accurate. Field application of the method shows that 

 sea- level rise accounts for about 53% of the total shore retreat of 5.5 m/year 

 measured at Smith Island, Virginia, and for about 88% of the measured, 

 1.7 -m/year retreat of the barrier island south of Oregon Inlet, North 

 Carolina. Net sand losses account for the remainder. Because shoreface 

 adjustments are required to maintain an equilibrium profile, sand 

 replenishment is probably the most realistic method to stabilize a shore 

 against the effects of relative sea-level rise. Conversely, a negative 

 sediment budget may also be mitigated by structures which hinder the movement 

 of sand away from a problem beach and enhance its deposition there. (Author). 



097 FAIRBRIDGE, R. W. 1961. "Eustatic Changes in Sea-Level," pp 99-185, in 

 Ahrens , L. H., and others, Editors, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth . Vol 4, 

 New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., pp 317. 



This classical paper addresses the causes of eustatic changes of sea- 

 level. Fairbridge discusses historical observations of sea-level, theories of 

 shore displacement, Quaternary sea-level, and sea-level oscillations in light 

 of climatic events. (Gorman). 



098 FAIRBRIDGE, R. W. 1974. "The Holocene Sea-Level Record in South 

 Florida," in Gleason, P. J. (ED.) Environments of South Florida: Past and 

 Present . Miami Geological Society, Memoirs 2, pp 223-232. 



The generally accepted concept of a gradual Holocene sea-level rise con- 

 tinuing up to the present in Florida is inconsistent with world data. The 

 eustatic rise reached its present height 6,000 years ago, and since then has 

 been oscillating. Four main transgressions and regressions are proposed lead- 

 ing to major changes in the geography of coastal Florida and the Everglades. 

 No detailed geological surveys have been carried out, so that only a very ten- 

 tative model can be offered. The rate of crustal subsidence in South Florida 

 has not been systematically measured. (Author) . 



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