tundra landscapes and built of unconsolidated sediments with a variety of 

 genesis. (Authors) 



044 CANE, M. A., and ZEBIAK, S. E. 1985. "A Theory for El Nino and the 

 Southern Oscillation," Science . Vol 228, pp 1085-1087. 



A coupled atmosphere -ocean model is presented for El Nino and the South- 

 ern Oscillation that reproduces its major features, including its recurrence 

 at irregular intervals. The interannual El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle is 

 maintained by deterministic interactions in the tropical Pacific region. 

 Ocean dynamics alter sea-surface temperature, changing the atmospheric heat- 

 ing; the resulting changes in surface wind alter the ocean dynamics. Annually 

 varying mean conditions largely determine the spatial pattern and temporal 

 evolution of El Nino events. (Authors). 



045 CARRERA, G.. and VANICEK, P. 1988. "A Comparison of Present Sea-Level 

 Linear Trends From Tide Gage Data and Radiocarbon Curves in Eastern Canada," 

 Faleogeography . Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology . Vol 68, No. 2-4, pp 127-134. 



A comparison is made of the results for determinations of vertical 

 crustal movements by means of two independent sources of data widely used in 

 geodesy and geology: tide gage sea- level linear trends and gradients of 

 radiocarbon curves. As a reference, the map of vertical crustal movements of 

 Canada is added which was computed using not only tide gage data but also 

 geodetic levelling data. These results show similar trends computed by both 

 techniques but an average value of 0.1 m/century greater for the sea- level 

 trends. (Authors). 



046 CARTER, W. E., ROBERTSON, D. S., PYLE. T. E., and DIAMANTE, J. 1986. 

 "The Application of Geodetic Radio Interferometric Surveying to the Monitoring 

 of Sea-Level," Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 



Under project IRIS (International Radio Interferometric Surveying) geo- 

 desists are using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to monitor polar 

 motion to 1-2 milliseconds of arc and UTl to .05-0.10 milliseconds, and to 

 develop a global geodynamic network to detect and study centimeter level dis- 

 placements of reference points associated with large scale phenomena such as 

 tectonic plate motion and glacial rebound. Differential positioning tech- 

 niques using the signals broadcast by the satellites of the Global Positioning 

 System (GPS) are being used to study finer scale phenomena such as localized 

 subsidence, and to economically relate these specialized surveys to the geo- 

 dynamic network. Including tide gage stations in this system will make it 

 possible to detect motions of specific gages and correct or delete the mea- 

 surements from those gages when computing changes in sea- level. The National 

 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has selected several tide gages 

 on the east and west coast of the United States, and initial epoch GPS surveys 

 to tie the gages to VLBI observatories have already begun. Other countries 

 participating in project IRIS are planning similar activities. In addition to 



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