standard errors, and annual variabilities also are computed for five area 

 means and the US mean. Graphs of area means, the US mean, and 67 individual 

 stations are depicted, the latter for both yearly and monthly mean sea- level. 

 Monthly and yearly mean sea- level data are tabulated for the entire length of 

 series at the 67 stations. (Authors). 



148 HICKS, S. D., and SHOFNOS, W. 1965. "The Determination of Land 

 Emergence From Sea-Level Observations in Southeast Alaska," Journal of 

 Geophysical Research . Vol 70, No. 14, pp 3315-3320. 



Sea- level observations in southeast Alaska show a maximum rate of land 

 emergence relative to the level of the sea of 3.96 cm/year at Bartlett Cove, 

 Glacier Bay. A conservative estimate of total maximum emergence, based on 

 direct observations, is 154 cm from 1922 to 1960. Land emergence at rate 

 greater than 1.9 cm/year is found within an area roughly bounded by Skagway, 

 Juneau, the outer coast, and a north-south line located about half-way between 

 the head of Glacier Bay and Yakutat. The area of emergence is reniform, with 

 its major axis oriented in a north-south direction. Its steepest slopes lie 

 to the south and west. The feature appears to be the result of rebound from 

 present localized deglaciation or the combination of present localized and 

 general post-Wisconsin deglaciation. The study is based on 28 separated se- 

 ries of sea- level observations extending as far back as 1887 and 5 continuous 

 series, the oldest extending back to 1919. The oldest series of observations 

 within the 1.9 cm/year emergent zone dates from 1902. (Authors). 



149 HOFFMAN, J. S., KEYES , D., and TITUS, J. G. 1983. "Projecting Future 

 Sea-Level Rise, Methodology, Estimates to the Year 2100 and Research Needs," 

 Environmental Protection Agency Report 230-09-007, pp 121. 



Concentrations of atmospheric COj and other greenhouse gases will con- 

 tinue to increase in coming decades. Two National Academy of Sciences panels 

 have concluded that higher levels of these gases will almost certainly produce 

 a large global warming. That warming, by thermally expanding the oceans and 

 by causing the transfer of ice and snow resting on land to the oceans, should 

 raise sea- level substantially faster than the rise that has taken place during 

 the past century. 



Although current knowledge is inadequate to make a precise prediction of 

 future sea- level rise, it is sufficient to predict the likely range. Many 

 factors were considered in generating the estimates of sea-level rise con- 

 tained in this report: population and productivity growth, atmospheric and 

 climatic change, and oceanic and glacial response. High and low assumptions 

 for these principal determinants of sea- level rise were derived from the 

 literature. When linked together the various assumptions allowed the estima- 

 tion of high and low paths of future sea-level rise. (Report Summary). 



