correlate the global temperature change, level of heat- trapping gases and 

 carbon dioxide emission for the past 140 years. (Gorman). 



153 HOWARD, J. D., KAUFMAN. W. , and PILKEY, 0. H. 1985. "Strategy for 

 Beach Preservation Proposed," Geotimes . Vol 30, No. 12, pp 15-19. 



The authors present a guide to public policy of retreat along the 

 American shoreline. Recommendations are made to the private sector and dif- 

 ferent levels of government. The text is adapted from a position paper that 

 is the result of the Second Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Conference on 

 America's Eroding Shoreline. (Gorman). 



154 HSIEH, W. W. 1985. "Modal Bias in Sea-Level and Sea Surface with 

 Applications to Remote Sensing," Journal of Physical Oceanography . Vol 15, 

 pp 351-356. 



From vertical normal mode decomposition, sea-level and sea surface 

 temperature (SST) are shown to be modally biased-higher modes are suppressed 

 in sea- level while lower modes are suppressed in SST data. Having been 

 effectively "low passed" and "high passed" (with respect to mode number) by 

 nature, sea-level and SST contain complementary information which can in 

 principle be combined to yield a relatively unbiased picture. The full 

 potential of the sea-level-SST pair is not appreciated in present remote 

 sensing studies, where the two are used separately. A proposed "stereoscopic" 

 method may in the future produce unbiased three-dimensional pictures from 

 satellite-sensed two-dimensional pictures of sea-level and SST. Modal bias in 

 coastal trapped waves is studied in the Appendix. (Author). 



155 HULL, C. H. J., and TITUS, J. G. (eds) . 1986. Greenhouse Effect. Sea- 

 Level Rise, and Salinity in the Delaware Estuary . United States Environmental 

 Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp 88. 



Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other gases 

 are expected to warm the earth a few degrees (C) in the next century by a 

 mechanism commonly known as the "greenhouse effect." Such a warming could 

 alter precipitation patterns and raise sea- level. Although it is not yet 

 possible to predict whether particular areas will receive more or less rain- 

 fall, there is a general agreement that sea- level will rise. Unfortunately, 

 estimates for the year 2025 range from 5 to 21 inches above current sea-level, 

 while estimates of the rise by 2100 range from 2 to 11 ft. 



Several issues must be resolved for society to rationally address the 

 possibility of significant changes in climate and sea-level. Officials making 

 decisions about near- term projects with long lifetimes must examine the poten- 

 tial consequences and determine whether these risks justify a shift to strate- 

 gies that are less vulnerable to changes in sea- level or the frequency or 

 severity of droughts. Research officials must assess the opportunities for 

 improving predictions and decide whether the need for these improvements 



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