161 KAFRI, URI. 1984. "Current Subsurface Seawater Intrusion to Base 

 Levels Below Sea-Level," Environmental Geology. Water Sciences . Vol 6, No. 4, 

 pp 223-227. 



The Imperial Valley, Jordan-Dead Sea Rift, and the Afar and Qattara 

 depressions, all regions below sea-level and the only regions in the world so 

 situated, are characterized by saline and hypersaline groundwater and lakes, 

 phenomena that to date have been solely attributed to ancient lagoons, salt 

 dissolution, and evaporation. Current subsurface seawater intrusion is here- 

 with suggested as an additional mechanism responsible for the salination of 

 these regions. This type of dynamic seawater flow is feasible where there is 

 (a) a base level below sea- level with a hydrological continuity between the 

 two levels, and (b) a low groundwater divide between the base levels with a 

 shallow seawater/freshwater interface situated above the base of the aquifer. 

 (Author) . 



162 KALININ, G. P., and KLIGE, R. K. 1973. "Level of Closed Bodies of 

 Water as One of the Criteria of Global Water Exchange," Soviet Hydrology . 

 Selected Papers, Vol 6, pp 534-538. 



The authors compared the level of large closed lakes to ocean levels. 

 An analysis of lake fluctuations in the last century showed a definite 

 decrease, whereas ocean levels increased within the same time interval. From 

 1910 to 1968, the ocean level rose at an average rate of about 1.5 millimeter/ 

 year. This recent ocean transgression corresponds to an annual withdrawal of 

 continental water reserves of about 550 km'. (Gorman) . 



163 KANA, T. W., MICHEL, J., HAYES, M. C, and JENSEN, J. R. 1983. 



"Shoreline Changes Due to Various Sea-Level Rise Scenarios," Proceedings of 



Coastal Zone '83. Third Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management . Vol III, pp 

 2768-2776. 



General methods were developed to assess the effects of various acceler- 

 ated sea-level rise scenarios on changes in the shore formation, changes in 

 the frequency and depth of flooding from storm surges, and saltwater intrusion 

 into potable aquifers. These methods were developed and applied to the 

 Charleston (South Carolina) area in a case study, with sea- level rise 

 scenarios of 11-232 cm (0.4-7.6 ft) for the years 2025 and 2075. Maps were 

 made to show the predicted changes with little shoreline change even using 

 mean spring high water. (Modified Abstract). 



164 KEARNEY, M. S.. and STEVENSON, J. C. 1985. "Sea-Level Rise and Marsh 

 Vertical Accretion Rates in Chesapeake Bay," Proceedings of Coastal Zone '85 . 

 Fourth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, pp 1451-1461. 



Chesapeake Bay marshes, in their wide variety of vegetation types, 

 salinity ranges, and environmental settings provide a unique perspective on 



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