expeditions which covered the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans between 

 1971 and 1978. The results from 2252 samples from 107 hydrographic stations 

 are presented as north-south vertical (depth) sections with 6''C contoured at 

 intervals of 0.1%. The data show that the distribution at 5"C is controlled 

 mainly by the input of organically produced material and its subsequent oxida- 

 tion as it falls through the water column. This covariance can be summarized 

 by the regression equation: 6"C = 1.5-0.0075 • AQU, where AOU represents the 

 oxygen utilization within a water sample after leaving the surface. Other 

 factors influencing the distribution of 6"C are the dissolution of inorganic 

 carbonate and the addition of anthropogenic COj to the oceans. A complex 

 mathematical model was employed to estimate the levels of ECO2 an 6"C in 

 pre- industrial oceanic surface waters. The results suggest that the ECO2 of 

 surface waters has increased by 40 ^mole kg"' from a pre -industrial level of 

 approximately 2135 fimole kg'. The 6'-'C of the ECO2 has decreased by 0.5% from 

 a pre-industrial value of approximately 2.5%. (Author). 



180 KUKLA, G., and GAVIN, J. 1981. "Summer Ice and Carbon Dioxide," 

 Science . Vol 214, No. 4520, pp 497-503. 



The extent of Antarctic pack ice in the summer, as charted from 

 satellite imagery, decreased by 2.5 million square kilometers between 1973 and 

 1980. The U.S. Navy and Russian Atlases, and whaling and research ship 

 reports from the 1930 's indicate that summer ice conditions earlier in this 

 century were heavier than the current average. Surface air temperatures along 

 the seasonally shifting belt of melting snow between 55° and 80° N during 

 spring and summer were higher in 1974 to 1978 than in 1934 to 1938. The 

 observed departures in the two hemispheres qualitatively agree with the 

 predicted impact of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, since 

 it is not known to what extent the changes in snow and ice cover and in 

 temperature can be explained by the natural variability of the climate system 

 or by other processes unrelated to carbon dioxide, a cause-and-effect relation 

 cannot yet be established. (Summary). 



181 KYPER, T. M. 1984. "The Impact of an Accelerated Sea-Level Rise on 

 Coastal Works at Sea Bright, New Jersey," Unpublished Master's Thesis, Lehigh 

 University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, pp 105. 



The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed four accelerated 

 global sea-level rise scenarios to the year 2100: low, mid-range low, mid- 

 range high, and high. The physical impact of the low and mid-range high sce- 

 narios on the beaches and coastal structures at Sea Bright, New Jersey, was 

 investigated. Sea Bright occupies a six kilometer long section of the barrier 

 island just to the south of Sandy Hook. The ocean shoreline is protected by a 

 stone seawall and occasional pocket beaches held by groins; however, owing to 

 a deficit in the littoral drift to the north, approximately 60 percent of the 

 seawall is fronted by little or no beach. 



The increases in erosion and flooding that would occur as sea- level 

 rises were investigated for the two scenarios. Using the predictions of 

 future erosion, the quantity and cost of sand necessary to maintain a design 



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