from severe storms, beaches are still retreating landward in response to 

 slowly rising sea-level. Best estimates are that 90% of the U.S. sandy 

 beaches are presencly eroding. The predicted accelerated sea-level rise will 

 increase erosion rates and associated problems. 



This research provides a preliminary estimate of the sand volumes and 

 costs to nourish all existing and potential recreational oceanic beaches in 

 the U.S. given various sea- level rise scenarios. The guiding concept of beach 

 nourishment is to place enough sand on the beach to maintain stable (non- 

 retreating) conditions with rising sea- levels. This study evaluates the 

 quantity of sand required to "hold the line" using six sea-level rise 

 scenarios, assuming a worse-case scenario of approximately ten ft of rise by 

 the year 2100. The potential costs of these nourishment projects were 

 estimated using the best available data for existing beach nourishment 

 projects. (Modified Introduction). 



190 LISITZIN, E. 1961. "The Contemporary Knowledge of the Causes of the 

 Seasonal Cycle of Sea-Level in the Oceans," International Hydrographic Review . 

 Vol 38, No. 1, pp 141-153. 



Lisitzin discusses the regional and local causes of the seasonal varia- 

 tion in sea- level. Case studies were used to document the effects of seasonal 

 changes along three major types of coastlines: (1) the southeastern coast of 

 the United States, (2) the northeastern coast of the United States, and 

 (3) the coastal areas and islands in the Pacific Ocean. (Gorman). 



191 LISITZIN, E. 1974. Sea-Level Changes , Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, 

 pp 286. 



The author discusses the factors that affect sea- level changes such as; 

 astronomical tides, meteorologic effects, seasonal variation, structural 

 changes, seiches, and tsunamis. Lisitzin also examines sea-level statistics 

 used for coastal protection. Emphasis of sea- level variations were based on 

 from the Baltic Sea where tidal changes are minimal. (Gorman). 



192 LISITZIN, E.. and PATTULLO, J. G. 1961. "The Principal Factors 

 Influencing the Seasonal Oscillation of Sea-Level," Journal of Geophysical 

 Research . Vol 66, No. 3, pp 845-853. 



From the results of the tide gage data recorded during the IGY, it is 

 shown that the seasonal variation of sea- level is mainly isostatic, at least 

 in most oceanic areas of the Pacific. In low and subtropical latitudes the 

 'steric' term is predominant; in higher latitudes variation of air pressure is 

 the more important factor. The boundary between the two zones runs approxi- 

 mately along the latitude of 40°-45° N. (Authors). 



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