235 MYSAK, L. A., and HAMON, B. V. 1969. "Low-Frequency Sea-Level Behavior 

 and Continental Shelf Waves Off North Carolina," Journal of Geophysical 

 Research . Vol 74, No. 6, pp 1397-1405. 



Spectrums and cross spectrums of 12 hourly mean sea-levels and atmo- 

 spheric pressures at Southport and Morehead City, North Carolina, show that 

 the response of sea- level to pressure is nonbarometric in most of the fre- 

 quency range studied (0-0.5 cycle/day). Cross spectrums between sea-levels 

 adjusted to constant atmospheric pressure at the two stations show phase 

 shifts consistent with the hypothesis of continental shelf waves traveling in 

 the direction predicted by theory (southward) . There is some evidence of a 

 seasonal variation in wave speed, which may be associated with the seasonal 

 variation in the surface speed of the Gulf Stream. Broad peaks in the sea- 

 level spectrums, centered around a period of 15 days, are also thought to be 

 connected with the Gulf Stream current, than with atmospheric pressure. 

 (Authors) . 



236 NAMIAS, J., and HUANG. J. C. K. 1972. "Sea-Level at Southern 

 California: A Decadal Fluctuation," Science . Vol 177, No. 4046, pp 351-353. 



The winter mean height of sea- level at southern California rose 5.6 cm 

 between the periods 1984-1957 and 1958-1969. These periods correspond to two 

 fairly coherent large-scale climatic regimes with different air-sea coupling, 

 which were previously identified. The rise was mainly due to a change in the 

 thermohaline structure of the water as a result of changes in prevailing 

 winds. (Authors). 



237 NAMIAS, J. 1976. "Some Statistical and Synoptic Characteristics 

 Associated with El Nino," Journal of Physical Oceanography . Vol 6, pp 130-138. 



A 49 -year time series of sea surface temperatures along the Peruvian 

 coast is analyzed in order to find antecedent and subsequent indicators of El 

 Nino (abnormally warm water) and its inverse. Precursory signs show up in 

 certain statistics gathered seasons before the event, and these should be use- 

 ful in forecasting the occurrence or non- occurrence of this economically 

 important phenomenon. 



The macroscale processes implied by the above data are explored with the 

 help of Northern Hemisphere pressure patterns and geostrophic wind profiles. 

 There is a strengthening of the North Pacific winter westerlies when El Nino 

 occurs as suggested by Bjerknes, that is, through momentum transports from a 

 variable Hadley cell. However, El Nino appears to be associated with an 

 appreciably weakened Pacific High over the eastern third of the North Pacific 

 during the preceding year. This lends support to the theory that generation 

 of El Nino is a long-term large-scale process in which reduced wind stress 

 permits an accelerated equatorial countercurrent and diminished equatorial 

 upwelling. (Author) . 



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