Precise and continuous measurements of atmospheric COj concentration 

 were first begun in 1958 and show a clear increase from 315 parts per million 

 by volume (p. p.m. v.) then to 345 p. p.m. v. now. A detailed knowledge of the 

 CO2 increase since preindustrial time is a prerequisite for understanding sev- 

 eral aspects of the role of CO2, such as the contribution of biomass burning 

 to the COj increase and the sensitivity of climate to the COj concentration in 

 the atmosphere. Estimates of the preindustrial CO2 concentration are in the 

 range 250-290 p. p.m. v. (ref. 2), but the precise level then and the time de- 

 pendence of the increase to the present levels remain obscure. The most reli- 

 able assessment of the ancient atmospheric COj concentration is derived from 

 measurements of air occluded in ice cores. An ice core from Siple Station 

 (West Antarctica) that allows determination of the enclosed gas concentration 

 with very good time resolution has recently become available. We report here 

 measurements of this core which now allows us to trace the development of the 

 atmospheric CO2 from a period overlapping the Mauna Loa record back over the 

 past two centuries. (Authors). 



243 NEWELL, R. E. 1986. "El Nino: An Approach Towards Equilibrium 

 Temperature in the Tropical Eastern Pacific," Journal of Physical 

 Oceanography . Vol 16, pp 1338-1342. 



A different view of El Nino is proposed, namely, that it represents an 

 approach towards the tropical equilibrium temperature of approximately 30° C, 

 set essentially by evaporation, by the waters of the eastern tropical Pacific, 

 (Author) . 



244 NEWMAN, W. S.. CINQUEMANI, L. J., SPERLING, J. A.. MARCUS, L. F., and 

 PARDI, R. R. 1987. "Holocene Neotectonics and the Ramapo Fault Zone Sea- 

 Level Anomaly: A Study of Varying Marine Transgression Rates in the Lower 

 Hudson Estuary, New York and New Jersey," Nummedal , D., Pilkey, 0. H. , and 

 Howard, J. D., eds . , Sea- level Fluctuations and Coastal Evolution . Special 

 Publication No. 41, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 

 Tulsa, OK, pp 97-113. 



Eleven tidal marsh stations along the lower Hudson river estuary yield 

 contrasting marine transgression rates: more than 2.0 m/millennium at New 

 York City compared to about 1.0 m/millennium 100 km to the north at Marlboro 

 near Poughkeepsie . The entire area appears to be tilting downward to the 

 south- southeast . Three tidal marsh stations within the Ramapo Fault Zone 

 (RFZ) yield higher transgression rates as compared to the other stations 

 beyond the limits of the RFZ. This anomaly seems best explained by complex 

 graben-like downfaulting, with a throw of at least 1 m having occurred within 

 the past 2 millennia. There is also evidence, based on radiocarbon dating, of 

 earlier fault movement after about 4.2 ka, suggesting a recurrence interval on 

 the order of 2,000 years. The displacements inferred from these varying 

 transgression rates may result from faults whose traces do not intersect the 

 earth's surface. (Authors). 



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