with the coefficient of thermal expansion of seawater and the depth of the 

 mixed layer. (Author). 



297 ROOS, M., and GRAVENHORST, G. 1984. "The Increase in Oceanic Carbon 

 Dioxide and the Net CO2 Flux, into the North Atlantic," Journal of Geophysical 

 Research . Vol 89, No. C5 , pp 8181-8193. 



In the present work the differences between the PCO2 in the sea surface 

 water and the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio were determined on the basis of 

 measurements of Meteor expedition 32 in the North Atlantic in 1973. These 

 Meteor measurements were complemented by a compilation of CO2 data that has 

 been available to us on the North Atlantic since the beginning of this cen- 

 tury. A thorough evaluation of these data shows that, like the increase of 

 the CO2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere, there is also a general increase of 

 PCO2 in the surface water of the North Atlantic. Although the CO2 differences 

 across the air-sea interface have been measured by various methods since 1903, 

 they can still be compared and, at the same time, be used to derive their 

 geographical distribution on the North Atlantic. Based on these data, net CO2 

 fluxes of 0.16 X 10^^ g C a'^ from the atmosphere into the North Atlantic 

 between the equator and 40° N and of 0.45 x 10^^ g C a'^ north of 40°N are 

 derived. The total net CO2 uptake of 0.6 x 10^^ g C a'^ corresponds to 13% 

 of the present global industrial CO2 emission per year. (Authors). 



298 ROSEN, P. S. 1978. "A Regional Test of the Bruun Rule on Shoreline 

 Erosion," Marine Geology . Vol 26, pp M7-M16. 



Sea- level rise has been quantitatively related to shoreline retreat by 

 the Bruun Rule. This relationship was verified on a field scale along the 

 336 -km shoreline on the Virginia Chesapeake Bay. Relative sea- level rise in 

 this area is as high as 5.43 mm/year, and mean longterm shore retreat is 

 0.98 m/year. 



The model was applied individually to 146 beach units in the area, and 

 the results were compiled regionally. This long-term, regional setting where 

 seasonal or local variations in process are averaged out, is believed to be 

 the context in which the model has physical meaning. 



The erosion rate predicted by the Bruun Rule fits the long-term measured 

 rate with a 3% error. The fit of the Bruun Rule for the Virginia Chesapeake 

 Bay shoreline system demonstrates that sea- level rise can account for all 

 shore retreat in the system. (Author) . 



299 ROSEN, P. S. 1980. "An Application of the Bruun Rule in the Chesapeake 

 Bay," Proceedings of the Per Bruun Symposium . Newport, Rhode Island, 

 International Geographical Union Commission on the Coastal Environment, Bureau 

 for Facility Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, 

 pp 55-62. 



This application of the Bruun Rule (Bruun, 1962) was part of a regional 

 study of the erodability of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Shoreline (Rosen, 

 1978). The study area consists of 350 km of estuarine shoreline in the 



137 



