history of ENSOs for the same period. A strong association was established 

 between northern hemisphere winters during ENSO years and large wave events in 

 Southern California. Strong ENSO winters had the largest storm waves, moder- 

 ate ENSOs less intense waves, and weak ENSOs tended not to have storm waves 

 greater than the threshold vale used in this study. The correlation between 

 large waves and ENSO years is significant at the 1% level. The correlation 

 between lack of large waves and non-ENSO years is significant at the 0.5% 

 level . 



Because of the great southerly extent of the most energetic storms, a 

 large number of energetic wave trains approach the coast from the west, rather 

 than the northwest, as previously assumed by many. ENSO winters are respon- 

 sible for producing all of the wave events in this study with both heights 

 greater than 6 m and periods of peak energy longer than 19 seconds. 



Five out of nine eastern Pacific tropical storms making landfalls on 

 California in the 85 year period occurred during the late northern summer of 

 ENSO years. (Authors). 



323 SHENNAN, I. 1983. "Analysis and Interpretation of Holocene Sea-Level 

 Data," Nature . London, Vol 302, No. 5907, pp 404-406. 



The geography of the geoid and the lack of an acceptable methodology and 

 definition of terms for sea- level studies have impeded the realization of the 

 objectives of the International Geological Correlation Program Project 61 on 

 Holocene sea- level changes. These were to establish a graph of the trend of 

 mean sea- level over the globe and the relationship of sea- level, climate 

 change, and the global ice budget. A solution to the problems of correlation 

 is proposed. The use of terms transgression and regression has been a major 

 cause of misinterpretation, and the terms transgressive overlap and regressive 

 overlap have been proposed as descriptive lithostratigraphic terms, in which 

 no process is implied. The processes involved in the development of coastal 

 stratigraphic sequences are dependent upon the position and rate of change of 

 sea- level, and these sequences contain evidence of tendencies of sea- level. 

 The application of the concept of sea- level tendency permits meaningful cor- 

 relations between rising and subsiding areas and introduces an objectivity to 

 correlation schemes showing transgression sequences. (Author). 



324 SHEPARD, F. P. 1960. "Rise of Sea-Level Along Northwest Gulf of 

 Mexico," in Shepard, Francis P., Editor, Recent Sediments, Northwest Gulf of 

 Mexico," American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , p 394. 



Samples and borings on the continental shelf and in the bays along the 

 Texas coast have provided relict nearshore and shallow-bay macro - organisms , 

 allowing the dating of the Holocene (post-glacial) rise of sea-level among 

 this relatively stable coast. The rise of sea-level has been dated from 

 300 ft below the present at 17,000 years before the present, to about 40 ft at 

 8,000 years B.P. There is evidence suggesting that the rise has continued 

 very slowly during most of the remaining period, but there is a possibility 

 that the data are deceptive and that either the levies have fluctuated or the 

 sea has been fairly constant for several thousand years. 



150 



