327 SNEH, Y. , and KLEIN, M. 1984. "Holocene Sea-Level Changes at the Coast 

 of Dor, Southeast Mediterranean," Science . Vol 226, pp 831-832. 



Geological, geomorphological , and archeological data of changes in sea- 

 level during the Holocene at the Mediterranean coast of Dor provide a eustatic 

 curve of the region. This curve shows that sea- level was approximately 2 ms 

 below the present level 4,000 years ago, rose to 1 m below the present level 

 3,000 years ago, and was 1 m higher than the present level 1,500 years ago. 

 It then dropped to 1 m below the present level about 800 years ago. 

 (Authors) . 



328 SPANIER, E. 1987. "A Fossil Record of Shell Boring: Possible 

 Evidence for Sea- Level Changes in the Red Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf," 

 Science . Vol 24, pp 873-879. 



An aggregation of fossil shells of the Indo-Pacific muricid snails 

 Chicoreus ramosus was found in the northern part of the island of Tiran, Red 

 Sea. The site was 7 m above the present mean sea-level. Radiocarbon dating 

 of these shells indicated an age of 1,570 + 80 years BP. Some of these shells 

 bore-drilled holes, most of them uncompleted. Biological study revealed that 

 such holes were probably drilled by conspecifics in the absence of alternative 

 food after they had been disconnected from the sea. Since there is no 

 evidence of human activity in this part of Tiran, the author suggests that 

 such conditions could be caused only by a physical process that changed the 

 relative water level. In accordance with the character of the drilled holes 

 and the short period which muricids maintain reproductive aggregates, the 

 author also postulates that such a physical process must have been a 

 relatively rapid one. (Author). 



329 SPILLANE. M. C, ENFIELD, D. B. and ALLEN, J. S. 1987. "Intraseasonal 

 Oscillations in Sea-Level Along the West Coast of the Americas," Journal of 

 Physical Oceanography , pp 313-325. 



Hourly observations of coastal sea-level at stations from Peru to 

 British Columbia are analyzed for low-frequency content. A space-time contour 

 plot of sea-level, from four years of data during the 1971-75 period, shows 

 the meridional structure of the seasonal cycle and interannual variability 

 associated with the 1972-73 El Nino. Oscillations with intraseasonal periods 

 of 36-73 days are also evident, coherent over alongshore distances of several 

 thousand kilometers. Further investigation using spectral methods and 

 empirical orthogonal function analysis in the frequency domain reveals, in 

 particular, that intraseasonal sea- level variability has a peak in spectral 

 density along the coasts of South America, Central America and Mexico, with 

 high coherence from near the equator (Tumaco, 2 N) north to central 

 California (34 N) and south to at least Callao (12 S) . Phase propagation 

 north of the equator is poleward at 150-200 kilometers/day. Atmospheric 

 pressure, alongshore wind stress and wind stress curl, derived from Fleet 

 Numerical Oceanography Center data for the Northern Hemisphere, are used to 

 assess the importance of local atmospheric forcing. The low coherence between 



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