332 STAPOR, F.W., Jr., and MATHEWS , T. D. 1983. "Higher-Than-Present 

 Holocene Sea-Level Events Recorded in Wave-cut Terraces and Scarps: Old 

 Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina," Marine Geology . Vol 52, pp M53-M60. 



Wave-cut terraces and scraps record at least two higher-than present 

 Holocene sea- level events in coastal South Carolina. The higher event reached 

 110 cm and the lower 80 cm above local, mean spring high water (MSHW) . These 

 events occurred subsequent to the formation of the Holocene Old Island barrier 

 island and prior to Wilmington aboriginal occupation 1600 years ago. Shell 

 middens are located on the terrace surfaces. These wave -cut features were 

 formed in a marsh- filled lagoon sheltered from the open ocean by seaward bar- 

 rier islands. These terraces and scarps are evidence supporting the higher- 

 than-present sea- level events predicted for this region by the Clark et. al . 

 (1978) geophysical model of Holocene sea-level recovery. In addition, they 

 support a Fairbridge (1951) type Holocene sea- level curve, one characterized 

 by oscillations above and below present position. Holocene sea-level fluctua- 

 tions probably were a prime factor in the episodic progradation of this area, 

 given that in this vicinity the nearshore region is the primary sand source. 

 (Authors) . 



333 STERNS, H. T. 1974. "Submerged Shorelines and Shelves in the Hawaiian 

 Islands and a Revision of Some of the Eustatic Emerged Shorelines," Geological 

 Society America . Bulletin 85, pp 795-804. 



The paper presents new C'"* and uranium series dates on Oahu and their 

 bearing on the dating of fluctuations of sea-level due to glacioeustatism 

 during the Wisconsinan. The -50- and -120-ft shorelines are shown to be 

 Wisconsinan. Scuba and submersible diving has made it possible to study the 

 submerged shorelines. Some of the submerged shorelines are notches in 

 vertical cliffs and were not previously found by detailed soundings. The 

 -350-ft shelf, previously thought to be a drowned wave-cut platform, proved to 

 be a drowned coral reef. Shorelines and drowned reefs indicate stillstands 

 below sea-level at 15, 30, 50, 80, 120, 150, 185, 205, 240+, 350, 1,200 to 

 1,800, and 3,000 to 3,500 ft. Those above -450 ft are thought to be 

 glacioeustatic . Those below -450 ft are the result of subsidence. (Author). 



334 STRUB, P. T. . POWELL, T., and GOLDMAN, C. R. 1985. "Climatic Forcing: 

 Effects of El Nino on a Small, Temperate Lake," Science . Vol 227, pp 55-57. 



Temperature profiles measured regularly for 21 years reveal the inter- 

 annual differences in winter- to -summer heat gain in Castle Lake, California, a 

 small subalpine lake. Year-to-year changes in large-scale climatic surface 

 forcing, especially the amount of snowfall from February through April (which 

 determines the date of thaw) coupled with the early heating and wind mixing 

 after thaw, causes this interannual variation. The seasonal thermal structure 

 for years in which the lake gains significantly more or less heat than 

 normal- -all of the El Nino years and several others- -shows that the depth of 

 the mixed layer and the mixing of heat into the stratified thermocline region 



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