363 WIGLEY, T. M. L. . and JONES. P. D. 1985. "Influences of Precipitation 

 Changes and Direct CO^ Effects on Streamflow," Nature . Vol 314, pp 149-152. 



Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to 

 cause major changes in the world's climate over the next 50-100 years. The 

 impact of such changes on water resources, through changing precipitation and 

 evaporation, will, however, be complicated by the direct effects of increasing 

 CO2 on vegetation. In controlled environment experiments, higher COj levels 

 cause the stomata of plants to close down, decreasing their rate of transpira- 

 tion and increasing their water use efficiency. Reduced evaportranspiration 

 would make more water available as runoff and could tend to offset the effects 

 of any CO,- induced reductions in precipitation or enhance the effect of pre- 

 cipitation increases. We consider here, in a simple but revealing analysis, 

 the relative sensitivity of runoff to these two processes: changes in precip- 

 itation and changes in evaportranspiration. We show that, for low runoff 

 ratios, small changes in precipitation may cause large changes in runoff. The 

 magnitude and direction of these changes are, however, strongly dependent on 

 the magnitude of the direct COj effect on plant evaportranspiration. 

 (Authors) . 



364 WILLIAM, P. W. 1982. "Speleothem Dates, Quaternary Terraces and Uplift 

 Rates in New Zealand," Nature . Vol 298, pp 257-260. 



Previous isotropic research on calcite stalagmites, stalactites and 

 flowstones (speleothems) from New Zealand caves has focused on 

 paleotemperature reconstruction. I report here the use of ^^h/^U and '"C age 

 data from speleothems to investigate the relationships between cave levels, 

 emerged coastal terraces and uplift rates. In the north-west of the South 

 Island of New Zealand, at least seven terraces, previously assigned to various 

 stages in the Quaternary, are known to occur to at least 200 m above sea- 

 level. The terraces sometimes cut across limestones which contain caves 

 formed in association with past sea- levels. Uplift, followed by water table 

 lowering and abandonment of cave passages by active streams, permitted 

 speleothem deposition. Dating of these deposits given a minimum age for the 

 cave level and hence also for any terrace to which it may be related, while 

 successive dates at different levels yield an uplift rate for the area. Dates 

 are presented from two localities, which suggest differential emergence rates 

 of 0.27^^*"^, year' and 0.24^03^"'"* n™ year'. Thus re -evaluation is required 

 on the uplift of these parts of the Southern Alps. (Author). 



365 WILLIAMS, D. F. 1988. "Evidence For and Against Sea-Level Changes 

 From the Stable Isotopic Record of the Cenozoic," Wilgus, G. K. , Hastings, 

 B. S., Kendall, C. G., Posamentier, W. , Ross, C. A., and Van Wagoner, J. C, 

 eds . , Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach . Special Publication No. 42, 

 Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, pp 31-37. 



The stable oxygen isotope record for the Cenozoic is characterized by a 

 series of large third-order steps of +1 per mil superimposed on a long-term 

 second-order trend. This second-order trend accounts for 6'*0 change of 



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