375 YONEKURA, N., ISHII, T., SAITO, Y. . MAEDA, Y. , MATSUSHIMA. Y. , 

 MATSUMOTO, E., KAYANNE, H. , 1988. "Holocene Fringing Reefs and Sea-Level 

 Change in Managaia Island, Southern Cook Islands," Palaeogeography . 

 Pal aeoclimato logy. Palaeoecology . Vol 68, No. 2-4, pp 177-188. 



Geological and geomorphological studies of the coast of Mangaia Island 

 have revealed that there was a higher sea- level than the present in the mid- 

 Holocene . The heights and ages of emerged microatolls on the emerged bench 

 indicate that the sea reached a maximum level of +1.7 m around 4,000-3,400 yr 

 BP, and then emergence is considered to have occurred between 3,400 and 2,900 

 year BP. At the same time, the reef crest formed in the period from 5,000 to 

 3,400 year BP emerged above the sea and suffered erosion. As a result of this 

 change in sea- level, upward reef growth from the fore reef slope began to form 

 a new reef crest by 2,000 year BP. The presence of fossil reef crests or 

 eroded algal ridges on modern reef flats is a rather common feature in the 

 South Pacific. The geomorphic development of such features can be explained 

 by the effect of the late Holocene fall in sea-level. (Authors). 



376 ZAHN, R., MARKUSSEN, B., and THIEDE, J. 1985. "Stable Isotope Data and 

 Depositional Environments in the Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean," Nature . 

 Vol 314, pp 433-435. 



There has been much speculation about the history of the Arctic Ocean, 

 particularly its response to the lake Quaternary climatic fluctuations. As a 

 result, considerable data have been gathered from Arctic Ocean sediment cores 

 to reconstruct glacial and interglacial Arctic Ocean paleoenvironments . But 

 even with these data, the reconstructions and the correlations with the 

 Quaternary chronostratigraphy have been unsatisfactory, mainly because of the 

 lack of detailed stratigraphic data such as those provided by stable oxygen - 

 isotope stratigraphy. Here we present stable isotope records from Arctic 

 Ocean sediment cores which can be correlated convincingly with corresponding 

 data from the North Atlantic. Together with lithostratigraphic data, they 

 provide new evidence on Arctic Ocean history in relation to global late 

 Quaternary climatic fluctuations. (Authors). 



377 ZIMMERMAN, M. S. 1983. "Coastal Facets as Indicators of Shoreline 

 Response to Rising Sea-Level," Unpublished Master's Thesis, Marine 

 Environmental Sciences Program, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 



Twenty-eight bathymetric and topographic profiles were constructed for a 

 35 km section of the south shore of Long Island, New York in order to examine 

 adjustments of the shore to rising sea- level. The profiles were begun 30 m 

 above mean sea-level, and extended offshore to a water depth of 35 m. The 

 profiles were characterized by three facets; the glacial outwash surface, the 

 beach/dune surface to a water depth of 12 m, and a ramp below 12 m. The 

 outwash plain and ramp, and the beach/dune had slopes of 0.004 and 0.018 

 respectively. The ramp surface at a depth of 30 m was parallel to the outwash 

 plain, but displaced vertically by 13.5 m. In response to a long-term rise of 

 sea-level of 3 mm/year, erosion could occur without relative changes in either 



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