LAND REOIONS. 1, 80 



of that island with the African continent is manifested by some 

 species common to both countries, but wanting in Spain. In 

 Algiers considerablj' over 300 species have been enumerated, 

 including a number of Helices of the sections Macularia and 

 Helicella, numerous species of Ferussacia, etc. A considerable 

 number of species are peculiar. The Desert of Sahara contains 

 very few forms. 



Egypto-Syrian Fauna. The fresh-water shells of the Nile have 

 a decidedly African character, Ampullaria and Lanistes being 

 found in Lower Egypt, Limicolaria, Physopsis, vEtheria find 

 Spatha in Upper Egypt. The terrestrial shells of Egypt, on the 

 contrary, are evidently of Syrian type and derivation : the group 

 Macularia, for instance, so characteristic of the Barbar}' States, 

 being reduced to a single species, whilst Syrian groups include 

 most of the Helices. Besides these, Syria itself contains a 

 number of species of Buliminus, of Clausilia, section Cristataria, 

 Ferussacia, Melanopsis, Unio, etc., which are peculiar to this 

 countr3\ No shells live in the Dead Sea. 



Hellado-Anatolian Fauna. The shells of Asia Minor include 

 many of those of Syria, with Northern colonies from the Pontic 

 region and western ones from the Archipelago and Greece. The 

 Asiatic coast of the Black Sea properly belongs to the Pontic 

 fauna. The most interesting facts in connection with the dis- 

 tribution of mollusks in this region are the presence of the large 

 typical Zonites, represented by four species, of numerous species 

 of Buliminus, and of Clausilise belonging to the sections Medora 

 and Melinda. 



In Greece and its islands, the fauna has relationships with that 

 of Dalmatia, Asia Minor and the Pontic region. The Anchistoma 

 and Campylsea sections of Helix, Buliminus and Clausilia are 

 well represented. The latter genus is enormously developed, 

 including 25 out of the 75 species of land mollusks known to 

 inhabit the island of Crete ; with peculiar forms in many of the 

 islands. 



Dalmatia, Carniola, Carinthia and Croatia have a molluscan 

 fauna related on the whole most nearly to that of Italy, although 

 the three latter belong geographically to the Black Sea basin. 

 Here again the development of Clausilia is remarkable, num- 

 bering 80 out of 254 Dalmatian terrestrial, species, and including 

 some of the lai'gest forms of that genus in Europe. The Helices 

 are represented especially by several large species of Campylsea 

 and four species of Zonites. There are also several Pomatias. 

 A special fauna of blind mollusks inhabits the caverns of Car- 

 niola, most of them being very much restricted in their distri- 

 bution : they are very small species, and include a Helix, no less 

 than nine species of Zospeum (Pupa), a Bythinella and two 

 "Valvataj. 



