PUPID^. 11 



the base ; aperture subtriangnlar, oblong, toothed ; peristome 

 callous, reflected. F. Sturmi, Kiister. 4 sp. Natolia, Madeira. 

 LEUCOCHILA, Martciis, 1860. Cylindrically ovate, apex some- 

 what obtuse, smooth, pellucid, shiniug ; aperture semioval, eden- 

 tulous, or armed with teeth or plications ; lip thickened, reflexed, 

 rimate. P.fallax, Say. P. armifera^ 8ay (c, 6). 8 sp. United 

 States, West Indies. 



SPHYRADIUM, Agassiz, IBS'!. Shell rimate or umbilicate, oblong, 

 obconic, apex obtuse, pallid corneous, costulate ; whorls 6-8, 

 rather flat, the last compressed ; aperture edentulous or few- 

 plicate; outer lip incurved in the middle. P. trnncatella^ Pfr. 

 10 sp. Southern Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya Mts, 



PAGODJNA, Stabile, 1864. (Pagodulina, Clessin.) P. pagodula^ 

 Desm. Europe. 



PUPisoMA, Stoliczka. Shell subconic or ovate, thin, corneous, 

 the cuticle transversely striate ; aperture edentulous; columellar 

 lip somewhat expanded, internall}^ twisted, often with a small 

 tooth. 2 sp. P. lignicola, Stol, Penang. 



DENDROPUPA, Fischcr, 1883. P. vetusta, Dawson. Carbonif- 

 erous ; Nova Scotia. There are a number of tertiary species. 



ANTHRACOPUPA, Whitfield, 1881. P. 0/iioenszs, Whitfield. Carb. ; 

 Ohio. 



LAURTA, Gray, 1840. (Gastrodon, Lowe, 1854.) Peristome 

 margined, reflexed ; the young shell with a transverse series of 

 short, triangular plaits, disappearing in the later whorls. P. 

 Kmbilicaia, Drap. 4 sp. Europe, Madeira, Tenerifle, Abj^ssinia. 

 PUPiLLA, Leach, 1820. (Torquatella, Held, 1837. Paludinella, 

 Lowe, 1854. Odostomia, Moquin-Tandon, 1855.) Cylindrical, 

 apex obtuse ; whorls 5-9, corneous, somewhat shining ; aperture 

 rounded, lip expanded, scarcely reflected, armed with teeth or 

 without teeth. P. biplicata, Mich, (c, 1,8). 11 sp. Universal, 

 mostly European, Indian and North American. 



Yertigo, Miiller, 11 li. 



Syn. — Pupella, Swains., 1840. Mastula and Staurodon, Lowe, 

 1852. 



Distr. — 1 00 sp. Universal. Fossil. Liassic ? Miocene — . 



Shell minute, rimate, oval, frequently'' sinistral, apex obtuse ; 

 whorls five or six, striate or plicate ; aperture irregular, multi- 

 dentate ; peristome expanded, with white lip. 



Animal without inferior tentacles ; jaw nearly smooth or longi- 

 tudinally wrinkled, subrostrate in the middle ; marginal teeth 

 saw-like. 



ALiEA, Jeffreys, 1830. (Isthmia, Moquin-Tandon, 18L5. Dexio- 

 gyra. Stabile, 1864.) Shell cylindrical; aperture denticulate or 

 multilamellate ; peristome simple. V. antivertigo, Drap. (c,.ll, 



