50 Garden Botany. 



all others, fruitful in voyages undertaken by order of the Spa- 

 nish government for the purposes of instituting remarks on the 

 botany and natural history of the New World. In that reign 

 Joseph Celestino Mutis, the well-known correspondent of Lin- 

 naeus, was appointed to investigate New Grenada; John Cu- 

 ellara was sent to the Philippines ; Martin Sesse and others 

 were commissioned to explore Mexico, and to the same ex- 

 pedition was joined Vincentio Cervantes, an experienced 

 gardener, who was specially provided for the purpose of 

 founding a botanic garden at Mexico, now existing. To cir- 

 cumnavigate the globe, and to enrich their country with the 

 productions of every other part of the world, another voyage 

 was carried into execution, to which Antonio Pineda, Luis 

 Nee, and Thaddeus Haenke, all assiduous and enterprising 

 naturalists, were attached. But the best arranged, and to 

 science the most important of all the Spanish expeditions, that 

 of Don Hippolito Ruiz, and of Don Joseph Pavon, to examine 

 Chili and Peru, remains to be enumerated. These celebrated 

 travellers, together with Joseph Dombey, a French botanist, 

 and an ample retinue of attendants, among whom were two 

 draughtsmen, reached Lima in April 1778. The results of this 

 famous enterprise are too well known to require repetition here. 

 Suffice it to say, that the advantages which have accrued to 

 botany from it have been almost without parallel, notwith- 

 standing the miserable shipwreck of a large part of their col- 

 lection in fifty-three cases on the coast of Portugal. These 

 various expeditions, exclusive of the ancient one of Hernan- 

 dez, are said to have cost the Spanish government more than 

 Jive hundred thousand ■pounds. The public gardens of Spain 

 may be said to have received a corresponding degree of at- 

 tention, but they are less known than those of other countries, 

 from the little intercourse which Spain has maintained with 

 the rest of Europe. At Aranjuez a famous garden was formed 

 by Philip II., another at Cadiz, by Philip V., and the bo- 

 tanic garden of Madrid, one of the most celebrated in 

 Europe, was established by Ferdinand VI. Besides these a 

 public garden was formed at Carthagena, by the orders of 

 Charles III. 



In Germany, the various states have all considered botany an 

 important part of the endowment of any university ; whence the 

 number of botanical gardens in that part of Europe is very 

 numerous ; they are generally rich in such plants as require no 

 artificial protection, but poor in stove and greenhouse plants ; 

 but the gardens of Berlin and Schonbrunn are noble instances 

 of perfection in all the departments of a useful and scientific 



