g2 Pomolomcal Magazine. 



to" 



stalk, and laid " horizontally across the ground. In Jamaica, and the other 

 West India Islands, the canes are usually cut for the purpose of making 

 sugar immediately after the autumnal rains, when the plant has acquired 

 from 8 to 12 ft, in height. The arrowing of the cane is a sign of its attaining 

 its full growth; and it is desirable that it should be cut as early after this as 

 possible. As soon as they are cut, the canes are stripped of their leaves, 

 and crushed between iron cylinders to express the juice, which is received 

 into a large copper vessel called the clarifier, where it is mixed with lime, 

 in the proportion of 1 pint to 100 gallons of juice, and heated to the tem- 

 perature of 140°. A thick scum soon collects on the surface, which is left 

 unbroken, and the clear liquor drawn from below and introduced into a 

 large boiler. Here it is boiled briskly till the bulk of the liquor is consider- 

 ably diminished, the scum, as it forms, being constantly removed. From 

 this first boiler it is passed into a second, from that to a thud and fourth, 

 in each of which the boiling is continued. When sufficiently concentrated, 

 it is poured into a large wooden vessel called the cooler, where it crystallises 

 or g7-ains as it cools. The mass is then put into empty hogsheads, having a 

 hole in the bottom, into which the stalk of a plantain leaf is thrust. Through 

 these holes the molasses drain into a receiver, and the sugar, thus cleared, is 

 brought to this country under the name of muscovado or raw sugar. The 

 thick black sirup which remains mixed with it, well known by the name of 

 molasses, is usually separated by chaining. A gallon of raw juice yields, on 

 an average, about a pound of raw sugar. The raw sugar imported into 

 Europe is still farther purified. It is dissolved in lime-water, and boiled 

 along with a small quantity of blood. The lime abstracts any portion of 

 acid that may still remain ; and the blood coagulates and entangles all the 

 impurities, which are thus easily removed by scumming the liquor as they 

 rise to the top. When the liquor is boiled down to a proper consistence, it 

 is poured into inverted conical moulds made of clay, where it consolidates ; 

 and any sirup which may remain is removed by allowing a little water to 

 drain through it. The sugar-loaf is then thoroughly dried in an oven. The 

 sugar thus purified is called loaf sugar. When redissolved, and heated in 

 the same way a second time, it is called refined sugar. This process is said 

 to have been first practised by the Venetians." 



The Pomological Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5s. coloured; 



3s. 6d. plain. 



iVb. XXIV. for October, contains 



93. Knight's Early Black Cherry. Raised by Mr. Knight, about 1810, 

 from the seed of the Graffion, impregnated by the May-Duke ; the same 

 parentage as the Black Eagle and the Waterloo, and resembling them both. 

 " If we. were called upon to state specifically the difference between this and 

 the Black Tartarian cherry, we should certainly be unable to do so ,• but, at 

 the same time, we should not be the less of opinion that they were dis- 

 tinct. It is well known to fruit-growers, that slight shades of difference, 

 fleeting characters which words are unequal to express, often alone distin- 

 tinguish varieties, materially different from each other, as objects of culti- 

 vation. In figure, size, colour, and flavour, this is nearly identical with the 

 Black Tartarian ; but it has the rare merit of ripening earlier. On a south 

 aspect, it will be ripe by the middle of June ; so that it is even earlier than 

 the May-Duke." 



34. The Devonshire Quarrenden Apple (Red Quarrenden Sack Apple of 

 some collections). " There is no better autumn apple than this, either in 

 point of productiveness, beauty, or excellent flavour. As a standard, its 

 crop is always considerable ; and, if cultivated as a dwarf, the appearance of 

 the trees, laden with fruit, is even more an object of ornament than fruit- 

 trees usually are. It is fit to gather in the month of August, and in most 



