268 Anatomy of the Vine, 



These few vessels (I m n 6) with the addition of the cellular 

 rays which unite the collets, are the whole which support the 

 vine from the 7th of August, or thereabouts, after its second 

 year's growth ; and only similar vessels to them, which are 

 annually formed, ever after support it as an entire tree. 



The liber and its cellular vessels are the sole covering that 

 the vine has during the winter, except its former year's liber, 

 which may be considered as very precarious covering. Some 

 may reflect on nature for not having sufficiently protected the 

 vine during severe winters, as the vineyards of France and 

 Germany are sometimes injured, when the apple and pear 

 trees do not suffer. But they ought to recollect that where the 

 vine was first found, the climate was temperate and suitable to 

 its constituent parts : but nature formed the apple and pear 

 trees for our northern and severe winters, by suffering them 

 to retain their liber for years, not only as a covering, but 

 completely animated; for the cuticle of their branches of 

 2 in. diameter, or even larger, ought to appear as smooth as a 

 person's hand, otherwise you may expect small fruit, the apples 

 sour and the pears gritty ; but these defects may be easily 

 remedied by care and attention, and a moderately good soil. 



About the 7th of August, 1830. — The following experiment 

 will further confirm what I have said respecting these changes 

 that take place both in the shoots of 1829 and 1830. Split 

 down the middle part of a vine similar to Jig. 53., which will 

 divide abed, and alsoy^ h i lengthwise ,- let the knife pass 

 across the letter h to i, and also cutting through at the same 

 time c to d, and let it pass down the middle of the whole, and 

 come out at a to b at the bottom ; make smooth that part of 

 the two halves at J, and at that place carefully raise up the 

 following vessels, which you will find loose, from their having 

 lost their animation at this time, as will be represented in the 

 following description of vessels, F, of Jigs. 52, 53, 54. 



m 



°f * & i Sh °of \f> Vascular vessels of 1830 " 

 1830 \S> Cellular vessels and cuticle 



These vessels will come 



r», o,„ ,u„„ t [ e > Liber of 1829 - "► off together if care- 



On the shoot I • ™ n i , f r n i 



' „i,„,i ,.(•} l > Close cellular vessels - fully removed. 



1829 \J' vascular vessels - - - 



V§> Cellular vessels and cuticle 



From the liber of 1829, and the vascular texture of 1830, 

 losing their animation during the same week, I am induced to 

 believe that the vascular vessels of 1830 arise from the liber 

 of 1829 in the spring of 1830 ; and that they afterwards con- 

 vey downwards from the leaves part of their secreting juices 

 or descending sap, by these bundles of vascular vessels, to the 



