'478 General Notice's. 



long, narrow, and flatbottomed, dragged by horses, a speed of 8 or 10 miles 

 an hour is obtained; and, what is most remarkable and most advantageous 

 as a result, scarcely any surge, which is known to be so destructive to canal 

 banks, produced. Travelling by canal may thus be rendered as rapid as 

 travelling by coach. We cannot spare room for details, but they will be 

 found in that excellent newspaper the Scotsman, vol. xiv. No. 1089, June 16. 

 It is a remarkable feature of this paper, that it anticipated the employment 

 and the speed of locomotive steam-engines lately obtained between Man- 

 chester and Liverpool, so long ago as December 1824, when the editor was 

 derided as a dreamer and an enthusiast. So did the editor of the Country 

 Times in the Kaleidoscope of March 1. 1825, as quoted in the Country Times 

 of July 12. — Cond. 



• JBraithwaite' s Steam Fire-extinguishing Engine is a machine of recent in- 

 vention, and most extraordinary power. Its boiler, which is the same as 

 that used in Braithwaite's and Ericsson's locomotive engine, occupies four 

 fifths less space than any boiler upon any other construction yet made. 

 The saving of fuel is more than one half; and the flue of the fire being too 

 small to allow of what is commonly called atmosphere in draught, a blowing 

 apparatus or bellows supplies the requisite quantity of air. The machine 

 will deliver from 40 to 50 tons of water per hour to an elevation of from 60 

 to 90 ft., according to the adjutage and the wind. On a calm day, the dis- 

 tance of 140 ft. has been accomplished. The editor of the Literary Gazette 

 (No. 698. p. 370.), who saw the engine in action, expresses his belief in its 

 being equal to subdue the fiercest conflagration in a very short time. This 

 is the machine that, properly applied, will, at some future time, plough and 

 sow 1000 acres in a week, and reap the crop in a day. — Cond, 



The object of Cooperative Societies is to give the producers the full value 

 of their labour. For instance, a market-gardener has a certain quantity of 

 land, and ten men employed ; he also has 200/. in live and dead stock : now, 

 as soon as the ten men are able to invest one-half of the capital required, 

 the master and the men should come to this agreement, that each party is 

 to receive interest for capital, and the reward of labour to be measured in 

 proportion to the value of the skill and industry exercised by each. 



If the master's time is worth more than any of the men's, let him receive 

 an adequate proportion of profit ; if not more valuable, he should not receive 

 more : but, as long as the men leave all the risk for the master, so long 

 must they be content to allow him to give them what portion he pleases. 

 When they take part of the risk, they can make better terms. This instance 

 must be applied to the working people of all trades : they have no right to 

 receive the full value of their labour, until they work on their capital 

 instead of the capital of others. 



The means which are now in operation in almost every county in Eng- 

 land, to give the workmen a capital, are by a number of men and women 

 becoming members of a cooperative society, each depositing an equal sum, 

 as 3d., 6d., or Is. weekly, the amount being laid out in the wholesale pur- 

 chase of the commodities which their families buy at other people's shops : 

 it is, indeed, by the people having shops of their own, instead of dealing at 

 other people's shops. Those commodities are sold at the usual retail 

 prices, and the profits added to the common capital ; which capital is to 

 be used in giving employment to that number of their members which 

 will be most advantageous to the society, and in the purchase or rental of 

 land, in the building of houses, and in allowing such as like to escape from 

 the cares and troubles of competition to reside there, rearing their own 

 food, producing their own clothing, furniture, &c, and exchanging the sur- 

 plus for such commodities as they cannot produce on these lands ; and, as" 

 soon as possible, annihilating individual interests. The object is, indeed, to 

 give to every industrious family the means of easily surrounding themselves 

 with all the essentials<to a comfortable existence. 



