Essay on Weeds. 71 



weed (Polygonum lapathifolium) ; 10. Charlock seeds, in barley sometimes 

 (Sinapis, Raphanus, and Brassica). 



Weeds which are principally objectionable as they encum- 

 ber the soil are, 



i . Charlock, a name which is applied to four different species of Cruciferaj 

 (viz. Sinapis arvensis and nigra, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Brassica 

 napus) ; 2. Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) ; 3. Blue bottle (Centaurea cyanus) ; 

 4. Mayweed (Anthemis cotula) ; and 5. Corn marigold (Chrysanthemum 

 segetum). 



The weeds called underlings, or such as never rise in the 

 crop, are, 



1. Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris); 2. Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) ; 

 3. Chickweed (Stellaria media); 4. Shepherd's purse (Thlapsi bursa pas- 

 toris); 5. Spurry (Spergula arvensis); 6. Camomile (Matricaria Chamomilla); 



7. Fat hen (Chenopodium album) ; 8. Common corn salad (Fedia olitoria) ; 



9. Flix-weed (Sisymbrium Sophia); 10. Common fumitory (Fumaria offi- 

 cinalis); 11. Sand mustard (Sinapis muralis). 



Pasture weeds are, 



I. Dwarf-thistle (Carduus acaulis); 2. Common camomile (Anthemis 

 nobilis) ; 3. Star thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa) ; 4. Ox-eye daisy (Chrysan- 

 themum leucanthemum); 5. Great fleabane (Conyza squarrosa); 6. Cheese 

 rennet (Galium verum) ; 7. Long-rooted hawkweed (Apargia autumnalis) ; 



8. Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) ; 9. Sheep's sorrel (Rumex acetosella); 



10. Knot-grass (Polygonum aviculare); 11. Yellow rattle (Rhinanthus crista 

 galli) ; 1 2. Common Carline thistle (Carlina vulgaris). 



Pasture weeds which generally prevail in loamy soils, and 

 such also as are prevalent in clayey and damp soils, are prin- 

 cipally as follow : — 



1. Yellow goat's-beard (Tragopogon pratensisj; 2. Marsh thistle (Carduus 

 palustris) ; 3. Melancholy thistle (Carduus heterophyllus) ; 4. Meadow thistle 

 (Carduus pratensis) ; 5. Common butter bur (Tussilago petasites) ; 6. Com- 

 mon ragwort (Senecio Jacobaea); 7. Common daisy (Bellis perennis); 

 8. Common black knap-weed (Centaurea nigra); 9. Broad-leaved dock 

 (Rumex obtusifolius); 10. Orchis (Orchis mascula, maculata, latifolia, morio, 

 and pyramidalis) ; 11. Common cow-parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium); 

 12.. Sedge (Carex), various species. 



We have now enumerated the whole of the principal weeds 

 of agriculture, for the purpose of pointing them out to the 

 young gardener and farmer as plants that they ought to know 

 both at sight and specifically. For the first purpose, they may 

 collect specimens of as many of them as grow in their neigh- 

 bourhood, and probably procure the rest from some of their 

 friends who may be employed in any of the Botanic Gardens ; 

 and the second object they will be able to obtain in the most 

 complete manner from our Encyclopaedia of Plants. 



An appendix to the "weeds" contains " Some Account of 

 an effectual Mode of cleansing heavy Lands infested in a high 

 degree with Fallow Weeds, particularly with Couch-grass 



f 4 



