Birds of Celebes: Campopliagidae. 415 



This is a plentiful species in North Celebes and the islands off the coast. 

 In Talissi Hicks on speaks of it as being as plentiful as the blackbirds and 

 thrushes in English woods. It feeds, says Meyer (9), on ants, larvae, etc. 



G. leiicopjjyius is perhaps most nearly related to G. papuensis (Gm.) of the 

 Moluccas and Papuasia; somewhat further removed hoixiG. javensis of Java. From 

 both it may be distinguished by its white rump. Its uniform plumage is a 

 recent development of the genus Graucahts, as shown by the barred pattern of 

 the young. Several species of Graucalus have a barred under surface when 

 adult, and in this respect may be regarded as ancient forms. It is worthy of 

 note that such forms occur both in the Oriental and Australian Regions, for 

 attention is thereby drawn — perhaps erroneously — to a period when Graucalus, 

 as a bird with a barred under surface, ranged from the Oriental countries to 

 Australia, and the conclusion follows that it has since then become differentiated 

 more or less highly into the local species of the present time. But a barred 

 or squamous plumage is also assumed by the Muscicapidue when young, and this 

 pattern in young of the Campophagidae is probably due to some affinity of the 

 two groups. It may be unprofitable to attempt to reconcile the two hypotheses. 



-P , * 156. GRAUCALUS TEMMINOKI (S. Mtill.). 



Blue Cuckoo-shrike. 



a. Ceblepyris temminckii (IjMuW., Verh.K Comm. 1839, 191 ; (2) Schl., Hdl. Dierk.1857, 289. 



b. Campephaga temminckii (1) Gray, Gen. B. I, 1846, 283, Nr. 23; (2) Finsch, N. G. 1866, 



172 (nee Sula); (3) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 337, pt.; (4) Eos., Mai. Arch. 1878, 273. 

 Graucalus temmineki (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 354; (2) Hartl., J. f. 0. 1864, 446, pt. 

 (nee Sula); (III) Walden, Tr. Z. S. 1872, Vm, 68, 113, pi. XH; (4) Lenz, J. f. O. 

 1877, 374; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 129; (6) Hartert, Kat. Vog. SIg. Senckb. Mus. 1891, 

 92; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (8) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15. 



c. Artamides temmineki (1) Sharpe, Mtth. Mus. Dresden 1878, IH, 363; (2) id.. Cat. B. 



IV, 1879, 15; (III) Gould, B.N. Guinea H, pi. 2 (1880); (4) W.Blas., J. 10. 1883, 137. 



"Maspas biru", Minaliassa, Nat. Coll.; "Tulia", Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. 



Figures and descriptions. Walden 77/; Gould c 777; Hartlaub 2; Sharpe c 2. 



Adult. Cliiua-blue; ear-coverts, sides of occiput and nape washed with purplish or campanula- 

 blue; tail darker blue; remiges dusky, the exposed webs blue hke the back; lores, 

 feathers next the nostril, chin and malar region next the bill black; under 

 wing-coverts China-blue; quills below dusky smoke-grey; tail below black. 

 "Iris hght blue" (q^, above Tomohon, N. Cel. 16. III. 94: Sarasin Coll.). 



Bill and feet black; iris (?) light brown (Platen in Mus. Nehrk.: cf ad. Eu- 

 rukan, 3. Vm. 84 — Nr. 936). 



Female. The female has black lores like the male, but is of a less bright blue and the bill 

 is smaller (2 2$i Tomohon, Sarasin Coll.). 



Variation. The single specunen sent to the Dresden Museum from the Eastern Peninsula is 

 lighter blue than the northern birds, and the bill is long and more slender than in 

 the latter. The difference may be indi\'idual, but is more hkely racial in character. 



