496 Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. 



Thrushes, or Shrikes, most of them possessing a short, blunt wing rounded to 

 fit the body (see, also, Newton, Diet. B. pp. 25, 962). A careful revision of 

 the Indian species is given by Gates (Faun. Br. Ind. B. I, 1889, 70, 71), who 

 admits 6 subfamilies. Only 5 genera are known from Celebes, and they seem 

 to belong to Oates's Brachypodinae, Crateropodinae and Timeliinae. 



The Brachypodinae (to which lole belongs) are described (I. c.) as follows: 

 "Sexes alike; solitary or occurring in small troops; habits entirely arboreal; tarsi 

 very short, never exceeding in length the middle toe and claw [Criniger forms 

 exceptions); wing rounded and moderately long; nape usually furnished with 

 some hairs; colour of egg, so far as is known, spotted". 



Timeliinae: "Sexes alike; solitary or occuring 'in very small troops; not 

 noisy; legs and feet strong; wing short and rounded; habits, skulking in bushes 

 or on the ground, evading observation (excejit Androphilus); colour of egg, with 

 few exceptions, spotted". Trichostoma and Malacopteron belong here. 



Malia and Androphilus probably belong to Oates's Crateropodinae: "Sexes 

 alike; gregarious; extremely noisy; wing short and rounded; habits partly terres- 

 trial, partly arboreal; colour of egg, with few exceptions, unspotted white or blue". 



GENUS lOLE Blytli. 



The species of the Celebesian area and of the Moluccas have commonly been 

 referred to the genus Criniger, which differs in having some long nuchal hairs, 

 a broader bill with a more rounded culmen and a more rounded nostril. On 

 the other hand they seem to be connected with the genus lole through I. everetti 

 Tweedd. of the Philippines. 



Bill as long as the cranium, or longer; tomia irregularly serrated or jagged; 

 a small denticulation ; culmen somewhat sharp; nostril membranous, long, narrow, 

 semilunar; about 4 or 5 stout rictal bristles and some smaller ones; wing mode- 

 rately long, 4"" — 6*^ quills the longest, 2""^ about equal in length to the secondaries, 

 P' about half the size of 2'"^; tail of 12 feathers, rounded, not quite as long as 

 the wing; tarsus small, equal in length to middle toe and claw. Birds about 

 the size of a Thrush, with olive and yellow as the predominating colours. 



Range: Southern India to the Moluccas. 



-4 * 200. lOLE AUREA (Tweedd.). 

 Togian Bulbul. 

 Plate XXXII. 



a. Criniger aureus (1) Wald., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, (4) IX, 400; (2) id., Tr. Z. S. 

 1872, Vin, 110; (3) Meyer, J. f. Orn. 1873, 405; (4) id., Ibis 1879, 130, 146; 

 (5) Wall., Island Life 1880, 436; (6) Shari^e, Cat. B. VI, 1881, 87; (7) W. Bias., 

 J. f. 0. 1883, 126; (8) id., Ornis 1888, 595; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1892, 179. 



