Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 5§J^ 



-^ Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Timor; C. enca philippinus (Bp.) — Philippines; 

 C. enca violaceus (Bp.) — Ceram; C. enca orru (Bp.) — Papuasia and some of the 

 Moluccas. It must not be understood, however, that each of these races is a 

 homogeneous body; for instance, Celebesian birds are not quite the same as 

 Javan ones, nor North Celebesian ones quite the same as those of the South, 

 nor the specimens from the islands a couple of hours rowing off the north coast 

 of Celebes quite the same as those of the mainland; indeed it may safely be 

 assumed that the birds would be found to differ almost everywhere, if any one 

 would take the trouble to investigate them very closely. But whether a new 

 name be tagged on to each local departure or not, a complete study of the 

 Crow-races of the East Indies no doubt would bring to light many facts of 

 interest; it must always be borne in mind, however, that a complete study is 

 only possible with a complete series of specimens and data from all localities. 

 Our material affords no approach to this completeness, so we confine ourselves 

 to the Celebesian Subregion. 



Celebesian Races. 



a. Corvus validus var. (1) Wall., P. Z. S. 1862, 343 (Sula). 



b. Corvus validus (1) Finsch, Neu-Giiinea 1865, 174 (Celebes, Sula). 



Corvus enca (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B. Coraces 1867, 29 (Gel., Sula); (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. VHI, 

 1872, 74, 113; (3) Finsch & Conrad, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1873, 2, 12 (sep. 

 copy); (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 670; (5) Briigg., Abli. Ver. 

 Bremen V, 1876, 75; fo"V Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 376; (6) Wald., P. Z. S. 1877, 548; 

 (7) id., ib. 1878, 622; (8) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 133, 146; (9) W. Bias., J. f. 0. 1883, 

 138, 158, 162; (10) id.. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1883, 66; (11) id., Ztschr. ges. 

 Orn. 1885, 295; (12) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 205; (13) Hickson, Nat. hi 

 N. Celebes 1889, 91; (14) Blittik., Zool. Erg. Weber's Keise Ost-Ind. 1893, HI, 

 280, 304; (15) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (16) lid., ib. 1896, 

 Nr. 2, p. 19; (17) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155. 



c. Corone enca (1) Sliarpe, Cat. B. HI, 1877, 43 (Cel., Sula); (2) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 555. 



d. Corvus advena (1) Rosenb. (nee Schl.), Malay. Arcliip. 1878, 273. 



"Wokka wokka" or"Woka woka", Minahassa, MeyerS', Rosenb. dl, Guillem. p5,Nat.Coll. 



"Krah", South Celebes, Platen 11. 



"Papaa", Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. 



Descriptions. Schlegel 1, Sharpe c 1. 



Adult. Black, the bases of the feathers whitish, the upper surface glossed with purple-blue, 

 with shght bronze reflections, under-parts piu-ijlish slaty-black; culmen moderately 

 arched, depressed at the base which is bare (not covered by the nasal bristles), the 

 nasal bristles reaching half the length of the bill from the forehead. "Iris coffee- 

 brown, bill and feet black" — S. Celebes, Platen^il (cf, Kema, Feb. 1894: P. & F. 

 Sarasin, Nr. 124). 



Sharpe identified it with enca (Cat. B. Ill, 43) and afterwards separated it again P. Z. S. 1879, 246); in any 

 case the name should not be used for the Bornean race. C. validus Bp. was oi'iginally (Consp. I, 385) said to 

 have come from Ceram and Halmahera; Schlegel ,Bijdr. Dierk. : Gem-e Corvus, 13) says that Bonaparte 

 probably confounded it with Corvus validissimus of Halmahera, and he corrects the habitat of C validus to 

 Sumatra, Borneo and Timor. It is distinguishable from enca by a somewhat longer biU. These transmutations 

 of names wll not commend themselves to modern ornithologists. 



