(536 Birds of Celebes: Columbidae. 



neck, upper mantle, and jugulum glossed with coppery green; forehead, crown, 



sides of head, and throat pure white; under-parts slaty, with violet reflections in 



certain lights; tail above and below black; remiges above black, below blackish 



brown (o', Kenia, Nov. 1S93: P. & F. Sarasinj. 



Naked periocular skin red (Wall. .3, Saras.); iris yellowish (Saras.); bill and 



feet black (Walk 3, Platen 8]. 



When the bird is seen in a horizontal position towards the hght, the lustrous 



green of the nape and neck becomes dark blue. 

 Female. Similar to the male, but perhaps a trifle smaller (Salvad. c 4, c 9). 

 Young. "The nape, instead of being green, has steel-blue and violet reflections; the feathers 



of the breast and abdomen have i^ale brown edgings" .Salvad. c 9; Brligg. d 2; 



W. Bias, c 8). 

 Measurements (N. Cel. and neighbouring islets 12, S. Cel. 1, adults). Wing 195 — 205 mm; 



tail ISO— 205; tarsus c. 27; bill from feathers of forehead 19.5—20.5. 

 Distribution. Celebes and Sula: — Miuahassa (Quoy & Gaimard a I, Porsten b 3, etc.); 



Banka, Lembeh, Mantehage and Manado tua fNat. Coll.); Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. 



b 3, Meyer c 5); Togian (Meyer c 5]; West Celebes (Doherty 9); Kandari, S. E. 



Celebes (Beccari c 4); Luwu, Central Celebes (Weber d 3); Pare Pare (P.&F. 



Sarasin 6); Tjamba Distr. (Platen c &'); near Macassar (Wallace 5, e 9); Bonthain 



Distr. (Everett S); Sula Mangoh (Bernstein b 3); Sula (Allen c 1); Pehng (Nat. 



Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.). 



The genus Turacoena consists only of the present species and of T. modesta 

 (Temm.) of Timor, which is distinguishable from the Celebesian form by its 

 crown and throat being slate-coloiu' like the rest of its plumage. T. manadensis 

 seems to occur all over Celebes as well as in Sula. It was discovered near 

 Manado in 1828 by the naturalists of the "Astrolabe", and it is known as a 

 common bird in North Celebes. As has already been pointed out, Timorese types 

 — if found in North Celebes — may always be expected in the South, and 

 in 1856 this Pigeon was rediscovered near Macassar by Mr. Wallace, and later 

 at other points by Beccari, Platen, Weber, the Sarasins, Everett and 

 Doherty. Its cry is described by Meyer as a very high note. "Kaukau", like 

 a knock on an empty cask. It usually flies alone, and feeds on different fruits, 

 such as the Chilli, Capsicmu fastigiatum Bl., etc. Specimens from North and 

 South Celebes do not seem to differ, but those from Sula are said by Count 

 Salvadori (c 9) to be smaller. Two from Peling resemble immature Celebes 

 examples, and are probably not adult. 



The genus Turacoena is placed by Ward law Ramsay and Salvadori 

 among the Macropygiae, and Schlegel, Briiggemann and Biittikofer do not 

 separate it even generically from Macropygia. It appears to us to have no 

 particularly close affinities with that genus, which it approaches only in having 

 the tail graduated, though nothing like to an equal extent. The chestnut, 

 rufous, and brown colours of Macropygia have nothing to do with the dark 

 slate of Turacoena, and the plumage of T. manadensis suggests affinity with 

 certain Columbae, such as C. albigularis, with which it agrees in certain points 

 of structure. The bill is a good deal similar in shape in both the latter, the 



