Birds of Celebes: Turnicidae. 687 



known for the species, but Doherty got it in West Celebes with the next 

 species. Its nearest affinities are with T. powelli Guillem. of Gunong Api 

 (Fire Island) off Sumbawa, described as wanting the rufous on the abdomen and 

 thighs, with other differences (Guillemard P. Z. S. 1885, 511, Hartert 7 . 



The genus Turnix illustrates a curious reveisal of certain peculiarities which 

 commonly appear to pertain to the different sexes in bii-ds. The female of 

 Turnix is larger than the male, has a more highly developed plumage, is very 

 pugnacious during the breeding-season, fighting with other females, and does 

 not attend to its eggs and young; the male is smaller and generally resembles the 

 young female, is quieter in disposition, and hatches the eggs and takes care 

 of the young. A full investigation of this subject would no doubt produce 

 matter of great interest. It has been suggested that the female is polyandrous 

 Krohn, "Gefiederte Welt" 1894, 190). Systematically, the genus has been well 

 handled by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the Ibis 1890, 446 — 475, when 23 species 

 are admitted, and in the Catalogue of Birds 1 893, XXII, in which the number 

 is reduced to 21 species. Some observations on the birds in captivity are re- 

 corded in "Gefiederte Welt" 1892, 63 et seq. and 1894, 49 et seq. 



^ 293. TURNIX MACULOSA (Temm.). 

 Black-backed Bustard-quail. 



a. Hemipodius maculosus (1) Temm., Pig. & Gall, m, 1815, 631, 757. 



b. Turnix maculatus (I) Vieill., Gall. Ois. U, 51, pi. 217 (1825). 



c. Hemipodius melanotus (Ij Gld., B. Aiistr. 1848, V, pi. 84. 



d. Turnix melanotus (1) Gld., HE. B. Austr. 1865, H, 182; (2) Ramsay, Tab. List 1888, 18. 



e. Turnix beccarii (1) Salvad., Ami. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 675; (2) W. Bias., J. f. O. 



1883, 119; (3) Salvad., Iljis 1890, 130; (4) Grant, t. c. 344. 



f. Turnix melanonota (1) Salvad., Om. Pap. m, 1882, 258, pt.; (2) id., Agg. 1891, 195. 

 Turnix maculosa (1) Grant, Ibis 1889, 451, 465, 467, 468; (2) id.. Cat. B. XXII, 1893, 



546; (3) Hart, Nov. Zool. 1897, 166. 



For further synonymy of. Salvadori f 1, Grant 2. 



Figures and descriptions. Vieillot b I; Gould c I\ Salvadori el, f 1\ Grant 2. 



Description. Above varied with grey, black, rufous -chestnut and pale fulvous; abdomen 

 and throat whitish fulvous; upper breast fulvo-rufous. 



Head above black, feather-edges and mesial streak on head pale fulvous; lores, 

 superciliary stripe and sides of head pale fulvous; cheeks and auricular region 

 spotted with black; hind neck, back, uropygium and upper tail-coverts dusky 

 grey, varied with spots and bandlets of black and mfous chestnut, the feathers broadly 

 edged externally with pale fulvons, with a submargin of black; abdomen fulvous 

 whitish, the upper breast and sides fulvo-rufous; the feathers of the sides with 

 lunulate marks of black in the middle; wings pale fulvous, the upper coverts lunu- 

 lately marked with black, the under ones unspotted; remiges fulvous grey, margined 

 with pale fulvous; tail like the back; upper mandible dusky, the lower and feet 

 yellowish. Wing 64, 70mm; bill 10; tarsus 17, 19 (Salvadori el). 



