Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 737 



(4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 929; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IH, 293; (6) Baird, 

 Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 132; (7) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S 

 1S89, 204; (8) Steere, List B. & M. PMipp. Is. 1890, 25; (9) Sli. & Whitehd., Ibis 

 1891,141; (10) DeLa Touche, Ibis 1892, 49G; (11) Hose, Ibis 1893, 424; (12) Tacz., 

 Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, 11, 835; (13) Newton, Diet. B. 1894, 731, 732; (14) 

 Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 250; (15) Sliarpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 182, 737. 



//. Pluvialis varius (Briss.) ; ('ij Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278. 



c. Charadrius helveticus (1) Seeb., Distr. Oharadr. 1887, 102; (2) Whitehd., Ibis 1891, 59. 



For further synonymy and references cf. Naumann a 7; Sh. & Dresser 77; Legge 4; 

 Salvad. 5; Seebohm c 1; Taczanowski 12; Sharpe 15\ etc. 



Figures and descriptions. Naumann a 7; Gould 7; Sharpe & Dresser 77, 777 (chick); 

 Legge 4\ Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. 6; Seebohm c 1\ Sharpe 15; etc. 



Diagnosis. Like Charadritis fulvus, but with a minute hind-toe'), black axillaries, a larger 

 bill, and general size larger. 



Measurements. Wing ca. 195; tail 85; tarsus 46; bill from forehead 29 mm. 



Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia; Australia; N. and Central America. 



The Grey Plover breeds in the far North and in autiimn it makes its way 

 to South Africa, to South Asia, and onward through the East Indian Archipelago 

 to Australia and Tasmania, while, in America, it visits the West Indies and 

 Central America. It has been encountered on all sides of Celebes as a winter 

 visitor or bird of passage — in the Philippines, as Salvadori shows, by Meyer 

 and Layard, also by Steere, in Borneo by Diard and many others, in Java 

 by Horsfield, Kuhl and van Hasselt, in Halmahera by Wallace and 

 Bernstein, in Timor by Salomon Miiller. There can therefore be no reason- 

 able doubt that the bird occurs in Celebes also, though at present the only re- 

 cord of its occurrence there consists in its name being put down in Rosenberg's 

 (h 1) list, which without confirmation by actual specimens is, as we have already 

 stated, quite insufficient evidence. 



The breeding grounds of this species long remained unknown to ornithologists, 

 to be found first in 1843 by v. Middendorff in Northern Siberia, then in 

 1864 — 1865 by Mac Farlane on an island in Franklin Bay on the arctic coast 

 of America Of its breeding in Europe a graphic account has been given by 

 Seebohm, who with Harvie-Brown succeeded in finding many nests on the 

 tundra of the Petchora in June — July, 1875. The eggs are described by Seebohm 

 as intermediate between those of the Golden Plover and the Pewit, and the nests 

 were found among the tussocks intersecting the boggy land; one is described 

 as "a hollow, evidently scratched, perfectly round, somewhat deep, and containing 

 a handful of broken slender twigs and reindeer moss". 



Sqiiatarola is separated generically from Charadrius in virtue of its possessing 

 a diminutive hind toe ; this is not seen in Charadrius. It is likely that Squatarola 

 presents the type of the Charadriine foot of a former age, for it appears certain 



») Sharpe & Dresser figure C. fulvus (pi. 516) with a small hind toe; this is of course wrong. 



Meyer & Wiglesworth Birds of Celebes iDec. 2>ul, l«i)7). 93 



