Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 73g 



c. Charadrius pluvialis orientalis (Ij Temm. & Sclil., Fauna Jap. Aves 1850, 104, pi. 62. 

 (/. Pluvialis fulvus (1) Sclil., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 50; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Ar chip. 



187S, 278; (;]) Eibbe, Jb. Ver. Erdk. Dresden 1892, 172. 

 e. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (1) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. K Am. 1884, 144. 

 /; Charadrius pluvialis var. fulvus (1) Oust., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 1894, (H) VI, 92. 

 ij. Charadrius dominicus P. L. S. Miill.; (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 195, 738. 

 "Kuwiel", Minahassa, Nat. Coll. 

 '■Bararanga waila", Talaut Is,, iid. 



For further synonymy and references of. Finsch & Hartl. 2; Salvadori 5, 18, 36; 

 Sharpe & Dresser III; Legge 13; Wiglesw. 39; Wilson 40; Sharpe (/I; etc. 



Figures and descriptions. Gould a I; Temm. & Schlegel c I; Sharpe & Dresser III; 

 Seebohm ALY/'"; Finsch & Hartl. 2; Legge iS; Salvadori 2S; Sharpe g 1; etc. 



Adult in breeding plumage. Above spangled all over with orange-buf£ and black (the middle 

 of the feathers being black, the buff forming spots on the sides and tips), head above 

 blacker, inner wing-coverts greyer; remiges and outer wing-coverts dusky, the 

 shafts of the remiges and edges and tips of the longer coverts white; tail dusky, 

 crossed with about 6 bars of pale brown, these becoming white on the outermost 

 feathers, tip whitish; forehead, superciliary stripe and sides of neck buff- 

 white, sides of body and under tail-coverts white mixed with black; lores, 

 cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, breast and abdomen black; wing below and 

 axillaries drab, the under feathers of the latter notched and tipped with white; 

 "bill black; feet greyish; iris dusky brown": Sh. & Dr. Ill (Japan — C li:il6). 



Sexes. The sexes ai-e similar, but Sharpe and Dresser express the opinion that the female 

 probably assumes the breeding plumage less early in the season than the male. 

 Probably the black of the under-parts is less pure. 



Adult in winter plumage. Above a good deal as in summer, but blacker, and the feathers 

 margined, not spotted (except towards scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts), with 

 orange-buff; under-parts entirely without black ; forehead, superciliary region, cheeks 

 and chin fulvous white, passing into drab-grey with jjale fulvous margins on jugulum 

 and upper breast; remaining under-parts white, a few brown spots about the under 

 tail-coverts and flanks; wing below as in summer (Kabruang: Nov. 1893: Nat. Coll. 

 — C 13034). 



Observation. Many individuals are killed in Celebes in transition-plumage between summer 

 and winter dress: in August — September with the under-parts and face with black 

 feathers intermixed with the grey-brown and wliite of the winter dress (Minahassa — 

 C 10842), in July ((J', Limbotto — C 1962) in incomplete summer dress, in March 

 (Manado — 1964) with much black below. Out of 24 specimens killed by our 

 native hunters near Tondano in Aug. — Sept., 1892, all except one had more or less 

 black feathering intermixed with the pale brown of the breast. We have never seen 

 an adult from Celebes in full breeding plumage. 



Young in first (winter) plumage. Like the adult in winter plumage, but the feathers of the 

 upper surface spotted, not margined, with orange-buff; below dull buff, throat 

 and breast spotted with dusky, continued as somewhat obscure bars on the lower 

 under-parts (which are, therefore, not pure white); tail notched with buff or whitish, 

 not barred right across; "bill black; legs slate-grey" (cT, Kema, 6. Oct. 93: P. &F. S). 



Observation. It is at first rather difficult to decide which is the adult in winter and which 

 the young, as the upper siu-face of the latter is Kke that of the adult in summer. 

 The two are correctly distinguished by Seebohm (XXP'^J. 



93* 



