I 



^56 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 



Old male in breeding plumage. Head above, sides of occiput, liiud neck, and cervical 

 collar white, with black centre-streaks on crown and occiput; breast black, passing 

 on to the shoulders and sides of neck; a branch from the latter bifurcating on the 

 cheek into a broad submalar and subocular streak, the latter turning at the front 

 of the eye narrowly to the forehead, enclosing a quadrangular white patch; chin 

 and throat white; mantle and wings light hazel, mixed with black; greater and 

 lesser wing-coverts drab, the latter tipped vnth white; primaries greyish black, 

 shafts wliite; back, rump, and under-parts white; longer upper tail-coverts 

 and tail white, the shorter ones and a broad terminal bar on tail blackish; "bill 

 blackish; iiis dark brown; legs orange-red": Dresser JV7([rJ'] ad. Canada: Dr. Eoss 

 — Nr. 2720). 



Probably specimens in this plumage are not to be found in Celebes. 



Breeding female. It is much hke the male, but less brilUantly particoloured. 



Adult in winter. Has less chestnut in the plumage; the black portions of the head, neck 

 and breast obscured by white tips to the feathers, and intermixed with white feathers 

 (from Dresser XI). 



Young in winter. Head, neck, mantle, scapulars and wing-coverts dark brown ^vith 

 paler margins, greyer brown towards the head, greater wing-coverts broadly tipped 

 with white; back, longer upper tail-coverts, base and tip of tail, and under- 

 parts white, shorter under tail-coverts and rest of tail blackish; upper breast 

 blackish, with pale tips to the feathers, continuing on to the sides of neck and cheeks; 

 throat white (Gorontalo Distr.: Riedel — 14129). 



Celebesian examples seen by us are young in this type of plumage. 



Half-grown chick. Much like the above in coloration; the wings and scapulars broadly bor- 

 dered with tawny (Sweden, July — Nr. 12462). 



Measurements (adult^. Circa: whig 153 mm; tail 64; tarsus 25; middle toe 25; bill from fore- 

 head 22. 



Eggs. 4. "Differing considerably from those of the typical Plovers, and approaching much 

 more closely those of the Sandpipers . . . pale oHve-green of different shades to pale 

 buff in ground-colour, dashed, clouded, spotted, and blotched with oHve-brown and 

 very dark brown and with underlying markings of purplish grey"; size 38.6 — 43.2 

 X 28—30.5 mm (from Seebohm b 1). 



Nest. "A few bits of dry herbage or withered leaves, scratched into a little hollow, which 

 is usually selected under a tuft of herbage, or under a broad-leaved plant, or beliind 

 a bush" (Seebohm b 1). 



Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia; Australia; Polynesia; America. For the East Indian 



' and Papuan Islands (cf. Salvad. 19, 29)\ Austi-aha and Tasmania (E. P. Ramsay 23)\ 



Polynesia (Wiglesw. 31); New Zealand (Buller 25). In the Celebes Province: — 

 Minahassa (Meyer 14), Banka (Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo (Riedel in Dresden Mus.), 

 Buton (S. Muller a 1), Saleyer (Everett 38). 



The Turnstone has been met with in many places on the sea-coast from 

 Spitzbergen to the Cape, from the Arctic shores of Siberia to Tasmania and 

 New Zealand, from 8272° N. in Greenland to Chili. It is known as a breeding 

 species in the higher northern latitudes and, generally, as a bird of passage in, 

 or winter visitor to, the more temjjerate intermediate, tropical, and southern 

 localities; yet there seem to be many exceptions to this. Dresser repeats 

 Layard's opinion that it breeds on Robben Island, South-west Africa, 



