Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. • §29 



from Herodias alba being the possession (when in breeding plumage of an occi- 

 pital crest and of ornamental jugular feathers, and a less conical bill, which is 

 chiefly black, not yellow, in winter. 



Of the other Egrets occurring in Celebes H. intermedia may be at once 

 separated from garzetta by its yellow bill and much longer toes (90 mm as against 

 about 70 in garzetta). H. eulophotes Swinh. [H. immaculata Gld.) has a much 

 shorter tarsus than garzetta (80 against 100 mm), shorter toes (63 against ca. 

 70 mm), shorter bill, its first primary as long or longer, not shorter, than the 

 third, and in the breeding season a yellow bill and a crest of many (not simply 

 two) occipital lanceolate feathers. Buhulcus coromandus in pure white plumage 

 may always be recognised by its short bill. 



-^ 353. HERODIAS ALBA (L.). 



Great White Egret. 



The Great White Egret is almost cosmopolitan in its range, but, like most 

 species with a wide distribution, it presents some geographical differences. In 

 Indo-China and Australia it is small in size, and it is to these individuals that 

 the following synonymy belongs: 



a. Ardea torra "Buchanan" (1) Frankl., P. Z. S. 1831, 124. 



h. Ardea modesta (1) J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. 19 (1831); (II) id. & Hardw., HI. Ind. Zool. 



1834, n, pi. 49, fig. 1. 

 c. ? Ardea timoriensis [Cuv., Paris Mus.]; (1) Less., Tr. d'Om. 1831, 575. 

 (/. Herodias syrmatophorus (I) Gould. B. Austr. 1848, VI, pi. 56. 



e. Ardea egretta (Ij Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 17; (2) Eosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 



278; (3) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. 

 Herodias alba (Linn.); (1) Jerd., B. Ind. 1864, m, 744; (2) Gould, B. Australia 1865, 

 n, 301; (3) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 439; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 

 1138; (5) Gates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, 11, 246; (6) Rams., Pr. L. See. K S. W. 

 1887, 172; (Ij id., Tab. List. 1888, 21; (S) Cox & Hamil., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 



1889, 421; (9) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 398; (10) Seeb., B. Japan. 



1890, 216; (11) Gates ed. Hume's Nests and Eggs 1890, m, 237; (12) Styan. 

 Ibis 1891, 327, 491; (13) De La Touche, Bjis 1892, 488. 



f. Egretta modesta (1) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, 412. 



g. Herodias egretta (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VTH, 99. 



h. Herodias torra (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 347; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 

 472; (3) Salvad., Om. Pap. 1882, HI, 350; (4) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 

 189; (5) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 285; (6) Salvad., Agg. Om. Pap. 1891, 206; 

 (7) M.& Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 252. 



i. Ardea alba var. modesta (1) Brugg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96. 



;. Herodias alba modesta (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 314. 



A-. Egretta alba modesta (1) Tacz., Faun. Om. Sib. Orient. 1893, H, 979. 



/. Ardea alba modesta (1) Seeb., Ibis 1893, 52. 



m. Herodias timoriensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 98. 



"Swekko puti besar" fputi besar = white large), Malay, Tondano, Nat. Coll. 



