TONERS 
panvany 13, 1864] 
THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 157 
Tis unmanured land, without any artificial supply of | correct, inasmuch as it was directly opposite to another | he gave it, and that reme it was by no means 
A monia.” s tho roduco only if tho mineral theory, which Lin before 1840. sa Tom to himself, it wa * perfect i Pira to 
“ie 8 am ze prosent im "e soil in due quantity, and in giis, ng to | e Saus ssure, Sprengel, E apes ^ . | a German ste ae es chem 
esie A the ere Mr. Lawes accuses me BÀ — and 
» lebe Dia ia without bam if the m memet “a ctas qul kinds of manure, organic and inorgani and I con vict him of trying, by a false o definition, pid 
wanting. Oonesguentiy tho bo pombe mineral constituents in a | ‘‘ Uncultivated plants,” says De nat *' receive their | annex a theory which I have the m right = claim, 
ples, pp. 86-7 (18 combustible elements from the air, their carbon from carbonic | It is obvious that his definition of manure ould be 
fi jm "the E. ther is e ‘action of sulphate of | acid; but the products generated from this kind of food pos- perfectly ramea if h ord 
for ENT important mineral con- Ta no poss s agricultural purposes. The normal develop- a 
mis 
-— onia, w when fed asa = alone, and 
dem “am 
ents,’ ^" teat thus 
when ther 
ral constituents n rahe soil, is like ihe. anitis soil, on f fermentation, and d 
e labourer takes in order to ase his available 
power, or imagin nation ; f- 
ollowed by a corresponding exhaustion." 
1 
them is n s . 
E which s drawn by Mr. Lawes from these | to on Son soe as De Saussure maintained the wies ln precisio 
me" 
will bed 
nces wi uffici 
ified in "um pr. 
and like pn amaian, its p Forio dos 7 a mixture o? these remains, and their and 
arly t sí itio. 
-— 
ent to show whether not 
pting a fall sige € n agricul: 
cient: 
of cultivated plants,! on the other hand, tand the amoun a ord a mospheric, | and aon acid, 
of ‘produce af arable fields, depends on organic matter in iai mari iMd water included in 
"ors ecay of animal and | which they are universally assigned. Messrs. [ed 
see nen 
absorption by the roots is à go Mite to the food | goes under the name o Fallacies of Confusion in John 
which is contributed by dis e air and w Stuart Mill’s “System of Logic,” and which compre- 
contain in eufilent quantity, and in a |^" Planta receiv ther ‘nitrogen "almost entirely by the bends, “among others, all those which have their 
ted for imil , all the inerganic materials alic idc of the soluble c organic pou h 
« Mine ral ubs ta marl, gypsum, clay, lime, favour the | Source in language, whether arising from the vagueness 
y.: 
tains a certain | gr n E "take no part T p rae: "(See e our ter rms or from ual a ssociations with them, in 
in acal salts and Biota Aden t. 36, p. 430; Ann. of Chemistry, ich gned for the VER 
sia Fourth Faition, p. 169. t. 4 35.) 
ry to multiply these citations, as the 
e assi 
ipia ed than neglect ‘or inability to state hs 
"bs view, it will be seen, is Bama A opposed | question properly, and D pp 
necessity of o c food for cultivated plants, and I| If the lea idea of 1 my work is borne in mind, as 
denied r4 altogeth i | it is gre d n the T g passage (Fourth Edition, 
t first sight o-called theory of Lawes, or his |“ On M. 86)— 
m 
ve ia X "^ to Siue within Ei uires of dica would seem exactly identical with| «A pe sit come when es yin a field will be 
org 
alts,’ “atmospheric yere | that of De Saussur Mr. 
to his 
E ue or rather aubetitate at this date ‘for Arv vinim theory, 
has proved to be erro: 
neou: 
m quite true that I h 
ontrast cu wit 
mineral substances ; but the ficta of these prie 
us to any candid reader of my works. E 
2 Pn re can have a better foundation than this— 
the ammo nia of the atmosphere which furn 
my “ Principles of Agricultural — M Irons which —€— nl consisting of t 
be 
sphoric, nich em cic, an 
cn lime, magnesia, fron, &c. H ue e included i in the sd | applied t the name of orga whole bo 
and ammonia are the different from what De Saussure meant. For the first, rupted proteit «org e existence of organic Mer: of 
a long tedious 
which all had bee 
thus, 
phosphor c acid 
also chapter 9 on 
) 
12 on fall 
From thi 
Ages 
1 
emis 
"a d isa eim 
never a constituent of 
j 
! 
arbonic 
of ve vege etables. 
s, anoche: 
P Adib 
Š the existence | supplied with their appropriate e, |» cie in Feds 
manufactories, when a p n will reovive se gn subst: 
of differ rent laws for cultivated and uneultivated pian M. ha aetuAlty mer co for ite fied; vds we n i 
quinine are given to a deci Sei perc inis instead of 
ammon ti un Saussure and Sprengel maintained ; and mo: + ihe pone KA wood which he was formerly compelled to 
p. 2 
cortaily Mr. Lawes does not claim this theory s as his | swallo dition 
ough | —it will be seen | that all my statements and endea- 
y no means satisfactory. - yours iad eid bii bs ew i op M dae e the ae. 
There are, howeve T; that o serve 
ishes | Mr. peen so-called theory si that « of De pane the fertility: of folds md to i intense s thee sa) The 
t Mr. 
First, t j dried had grown to be 
dogma, do Amici on 
n the ih of plants. The sooo, ‘that Mr. paver | the ya enda aware of thair « 
ok may be doicHbéd & ü an uninter- 
r orga r cannot in the nature of 
plants 
explain ‘the relation of the plants were nutritive elements; for he maintained | thin ngs be produ imr raft züsioftodal ge if 
wate ee and to | " m they (for instance, potash, lime, — were ber Bs were ape Sion, chemistry could afford n no 
As to. 
rnishe y he air and riable ingredients, d g m the g Seil ue nce t So gos as ure 
i Mri of so 
It ink n Ade: p" e will con nsider the rea 
rasting y o eal c 
f these elements, dus at I lo 16 years hens piena he will be aware that i it. isa fed 
n stated as inorganic. : divided them of the ies were eli food of f plants, and Mr. Lewes definiti tion of manu If Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert 
ammo 
t spun some scientifi c education is aay. organic manures, a "os upon my theory would 
or a man to understand that rie — As to the second, by — manure dn A" have had no excuse. There is something so degrading 
mpo ike or 
meant genuine , organic matter Mr. . Law s, however, | from a scientific point of view at the bottom of this 
Wis « Wightable controversy, that those who have taken part against the 
De 
rganic. | mould of Sprengel, or the organic extracts of only scientific doctrine which agriculture possesses, 
dea of o: 
E of organic acids (acids | Saussure, are necessary in no nts of an A | will look back with Wem when a few years have 
a salt itself is | manure. On the contrary, all h — nts tend to elapsed; but there is nothing humiliating to me, 
hi n 
aso iti Ea exactly the: op pposite prove | that these a which cannot be serie although D shat is hah annoying, for I am not 
nufae ud ink m 
Siri ae ET What then does|so proud as self humbl oer in 
th e^ aptr vtm bre that the | Mr, Shaves mean by Sena res? fulfilling the pii y which I have devoted my 
potash 
a ionem of a 
all of ashes ie originally constituents of! The candid reader will be Ppiiieled to learn that Mr. | life—that is, of instructing others. 
o suppose 
Patina i Ec Spar,|Lawes's theory, correctly expressed, is exactly the | that in this controversy I was influenced by personal 
ammonia. 
pr P 
&c—(See|same which I published seven years before his motives would simply be absurd. When I strenuously 
formation of arable sol, and ‘chapter definition of manure: That the action of manure | endeavoured to make the agriculturists view things 
pends on two classes of bodies. The combustible | rightly it was not t for their own sakes, but in order to 
e 
m A a be understood why I used the word part of plants derive beo carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, | ward o re evils and the E inimitieiti dangers which 
ot Ae un esignate the constituents of and oxygen, from carbonic acid, ammonia, and water ; tien society at large. Every man of Esos 
incoml 
thei must see ngest confirmation o 
y teachi 
of eon e seien but is | sulphuric acid, potash, tem lime, magnesia, “silica, | in all the aot desine ed in this dispute. Eve ery single 
mineral and | iron ; that “ stable manure, experiment essrs. Lawes and Gilbert Us new 
d 
anim mals, o not influence veges life by means of | mn in dis favour, and eve ery « dou! ubt mus t disa Ana 
onstitu 
rsed in scientific lenin there is | thei but indirectly by means of the 
min 
—at l t in inorganic compounds M. decomposition and Blow of an immense branch of nile the fabrication "t 
ueralogists say sulphate of carbon being changed into carbonic acid and -— which is now extensively e employed. 
l (species) ; but this has nothing nitrogen ammonia. Thus organic manure Mr. Lawes's definition of manure, though false in 
ilbert's accusatio i "i o rha effect in 
isting i Y per 
of | be replaced by those inorganic compoun: which | diffusing more widely these artificial Ionic which 
soil,’ i , mi — The 
are ou 
erence between Lawes's theory and mine is! prejudice in favour, of organic was 80 
simply this— that he has borrowed the substance of strong that many 'agriculturists prt. under 
was 
by agen ig pe I under- | mine and the terms of De Saussure’s theory—that he | that name artificial manure which they would have 
ing is 
Own erroneous idea into it, and then assert hese | 
a solved : Were these 
ure which M 
5 
d to call his theory. It is | This denomination can therefore not be referred to 
ociety hi i 
1 of manures, which are general 
is by no meron’ and inorganic. Although | manure. It con irany. not generally under 
Aaa 
Satisfactory, I shall adopt it as 
p 
Inorganic manures are those 
E 
int 
li 
i f 
THE 
Hz 
Hi 
HS 
AB 
HIE 
HI EE 
zi i 
m 
i 
i 
rganic manure. 
s and Gilbert’s wonderful erfectly cert: tha 
y certain that neither De Saussure 
guasereiy be understood without referring in [iba employed the term organic to denote 
ea ls ammonia, carbonic acid, and water, which I had refused under the name mineral manure, and Mr. 
called atmospheric fo ood, ig ge manures Lawes, — on e dig gr could give, in all 
€ , the their manure for corn 
= e substances class sod by aw va m€— manure | sanina. "the paeem paara which is most 
xim ip by that name? prey in stable-dung. 
y 
these three substances, which they knew as inorganic. Societies, 
|them. There exist, moreover, no chemical works| BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND: Feb. 6.—A meet: 
published before or after Tom definition (1847), | of the e Council was held at Taunton, Sir J. T. T 
in which they are classed as ie food or organic Duck inm Bart., in the chair. 
was s read from Mr. H. Smith, of numm 
geen ammonia, water, and carbonic acid xd | Maddock, | Shital, complaining of certain restrictions 
ng 
composition or | to class of organic manure. The part of Mr. |in the prize sheet for the Bristol meeting, which would 
matter—carbon, Togen, oxygen, and Lawes theory which belongs to himself is merely | prevent Aia an exhibitor of Shropshire sheep, 
Q Cat 
his erroneous nomen: eink I repeat, that the terms | for yc there is no special class, Age of Cattle.— 
ure he k 
LR mineral in ingredients, of which of, his definition ie a taken from De|Mr. Fowler, etary of the Herefordshire i 
"vti iti is simply mine, but the | cultural Society, rege a gee a copy of a X apem 
of this definition or | manner in pi T. has tacked ussure's terms | recently passed by that body, recommending that the 
e views on the food of|on to my meaning is purely his; we must let him | 1st January should be adopted as the date of reckoning 
Ws. 
t following g passa, 
EDS nourishment Eo 
publishes in iin year 1840, ond are | have the era of the invention and a monopoly of|the age of cattle for TES at agricultural sho 
the erred to the Stoc. 
nees. 
es on carbonic 
a batiri acid, rs 
common sal 
admit the e, 
acid, ammonia, water, phos- 
magnesia, potash, iron; and 
Was called - sitos of no faod, my [i 
I rhe arc g “think that the humblest teacher of| Disqualification of Exhi ors.—An animal disqualified 
vimm in Great Britain would be content to accept | at a recent exhibition, on En t of what w: 
| a theory from a man who shows such ignorance of the|be an inaccurate representation of its age, r^g sg 
Le eii penge as cce ry as Mr. Lawes, and yet Mr. | been sold, and the bond fide purchaser now applied to 
ceit to ae believe that I had a to know if he was at liberty "s rg the 
PEPA his defini definition of manure seven years before| animal for exhibition. It was decided t as the 
