Novemarr 19, 1864.] THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 1117 
greater bulk of ma aterials—bringing new earth intoj perforate and deepen the soil to help us, But | cases, too, is not the manurial value of cake rendered 
armed woking Tua additions to the soi. The|there is not a cultivated i oe which does y lang hein wn upon sloping banks, 
chemical effec this admixture is e bring mutnal|not naturally send down i ts beyond 9 inches. | an d to t ied 
solvents into d and liberate long — henn The cereals on which our sad eave mainly depends oaa br the stream ? 
and principles to nourish vege ion = are indeed endowed | with h the power of forcing their VE Allowance is made for bones applied to pasture 
pure clay and pure sand. Apar' e. d, if the quantity is not — 3 cwt, per acre, the 
the extreme of barrenness; but massa they sons and as the investigation of drainage obstr s has | ovans to be graduated ov years. This » 
tute a fertile earth. It must not be fi ten as one lately shown, it is im — by any mon ort f of | appears ars to me objectionable an pars for any 
of the permanent benefits of drainage an the new | actual tracing to fix e dis stance to which t the r c ptio f pastu e land from 10 to 15 cwt. per acre 
mechanical texture or composition imparted to the soil | of tre I g; secondly, su D 
enables heat and moisture to be absorbed, retained, or | that Wheat and our other cultivat bones per acre are nolens, every 10 years, two appli- 
parted with precisely as required by plants. their roots much fa vier into the ny than at fall cations s of 10 cwt. per acre at an interval of five years 
So fertile sometimes are soils whose ingredients are sw that supposed. Johnston, in his cringe aie are more efficient and less costly than one application 
thoroughly intermixed, that Bakewell mentions “on s that deep- -rooted plants, $ uch as Lucerne, often | of 20 cw wt. 5 ; and, thir irdly, yug a tenant may indis- 
the summit of Breedon Hill, in Leicestershire,” having fail deep soils, t ured with 
seen “a luxuriant crop of Barley growing on land that mir or the presence of some noxious ingredient | dairy « or with fattening stock ; or, in other words, to 
had borne a succession of 20 preceding crops v erri or otherwise. In short, this 
fallowing or manure.” descent in search of food. “Even. plants,” he adds, | clause tated in the go ag ment, only allows the 
Mr. Smith, of Deanston, declared me $ the Com- | “which like Wheat or Clover do not usually send down | outgoing tenant for bone w en he uses too great a 
mittee en Agricultural Distress in 1836 that he had | their roots so far, will yet, where the subsoil. is sound | qu bones 
employed his most formidable invention net ubsoil | and dry, extend thoin fibres for 3 or more feet in depth, | Taas judiciously or injudicioasiy applied. - 
ploug gl f 200 i — — abundant nourishment.” But| (4) Allowance for wae 
f 1 hed |I rot | thoroughly understood how deeply | 10 years, seems at first s Cus ptg 1 yet tis is 
up the previously peel subsoil, or dura the cigs nom the | Poo e even, of Whea peus Clover descend. 'The|open to grave objections T affo r great 
of Oats was increased from 24 or 30 bushels in a lette to the Society of Arts, | abuse. Seach qp ade the out- 
nearly thrice these quantities, pcan in quality, and | mentions that a - w years ago S Mr r. Badcock, a shrewd, | lay on effici eht drainage; and the 
the rented value of the land raised from 16s. to 2l. rere observing: N and very considerable farmer at| 4 all Pal see will yield on the cata 1 12 per Fem i and 
Such immediate effects - ne always to be expected having occasion to dig d foundation | that all land, rich or poor, will by drainage be in creased 
from subso iling, Whi ch d fi 
5 
p 
Rg 
Ta 
6 
B 
2 
mere preparative fi a field under Whe much sur-| in value per acre. In dcus cases farmers are 
as phos e is for subsoiling | iet, E observing pe oma —- of fs roots of the | compensated fy draining in a shorter period than 
itself. The full I be enefit cannot be obtained till tbe | Wh the than "us Mis any idea | 10 years, as it allows them to ‘cs carry out, important im- 
loosened soil is e. of being ploughed up and | of. dryer WE Mo ans rima ey really went, | provements, whic qu e van otherwise do; but as 
i i . The late "Males bik had the ground od close to some plants, dug the operation—if effici ntly executed— —is permanent, 
of Polm introduced a practice which » termed any ne Bas wn to the depth of 6 feet, and 
winter fallow, for it produced a od. and was thus | having fixed a w board close against it, proceeded land is inten years before it e the desired result, 
' preferable to vacant summer fallowing of land, so the minimum term o wo which neman should be 
resource reverted to, as we have seen, in the absence | on till he had secured the earth to that depth between | made—if ma "m at all— But 
chiefly of the mechanical met hg vig we are this day | four boards firmly pp: aa a it placed | what security has the vo a aar bat he is 
i ng. At the rem rine t crop be ribbed | upon an inclined plane, an efully sees the | paying for efficient drainage? I confess I ca 
ned land at ri to the drains with | boards, with great caution py eum erance washed | imagine, unless the drainage had been inspected and 
the common plough, an poten wl the space between | away all the earth adhering to the root and its: very | ce nmeut 
the drills, f^^ these ieai January, and then sub- | small fibres, and was much surprised at their extent. this would involve so mu M e uos 
hey rested. A seed furrow | He repeated the trials on several other Wheat plants, | generally drain a small area at a Y to put 
afterwards levelled the De and completed the|and traced their depth to within sy - P A effectual stop to dra inage altogether. Toshow that gross 
: The late Mr. Fane, M.P. 
object of this operation was to keep dry Radon t "P now presented by Lord Mace to f for inefficient drainage, the following is one of iro d 
lands, expose a greater surface to frosts, pulverise and Arts, secured ix a clos tube. My | similar cases which have come under my own 
mix the most stubborn materials, throw out the weeds, fiend” Dr. Atkin and myself have Mary ier roots of vatlon About four months since I was consulted bya 
afford uniform depth and fertility of soil, and instead Whea t in Berwickshire to five or six of per- landowner respecting the justice of ard for 
of the unequal growth seen on crown and furrow, | pendicular f his tenants vis disi V6 ees 
luxuriant crop ensues, covering the surface — | met the valuer for the incoming tenant upon | the spot, 
l v i 
well It " ei y 
ordinary cultivation that manure put into a deep THE LICHFIELD AGREEMENT. the drainage at all, that he did not know — it 
furrow is certain to reach the plant, whose roots will |[Mr. Sanderson, the Land-. Agents ned n arm Buildings, | was efficient or not, and that he based the outgoing 
either descend to it, or its influence will ascend to Sacer ed has aont. to E" pote detter po, Lord tenant's claim f age solely upon alie 3 
them. Lord  Kaimes has a strange observation! Tenant given in our adel agroomo the other day. We extract | Of the latter. I at ns 
r 
regarding churchyards, in which he notices that the Weg from m and found the outl 
earth is only enriched — In fact the levity of} (1). — a eg d force be advanced | 20 inches to 2 feet deep, and the pipes in several 
the gases, mposing substances, compels them to tie ei the pns xotg Em that the | places broken and choked iment. 
— Ma like manner the ry ary atdsoepheris action | period (Lady e which ‘tt ‘ne Bc for the termination m )» Too much la to the outgoing 
ened in the soil, if aca atmosphere be as | of a DRESS t the most Pg oe At Michae Fern covenants, which allows 
ns O! fie Boer ns essentia ei i i 
ts, 
t i g 
templates the extent and viens of leafy surface | reaping of crops are erdt, ii then too com- | for wae the plore ng of stubble hd is gm until 
spread abroad by the humblest flower or the hugest — the annual round d Ln which ends with | winter the success of the Turni is extremely 
tree to catch its influence must acknowledge, an inex- | the ingathering of the harv There is consequently | hazardous. 
haustible magazine of vegetable nutrition—this must at Michaelmas no cl clashing rà interests between out- (6). Clause 13 of tenant’s covenants Aa joins 
promote the progress oen - There are tenants that of the arable land be 
prejudices against pushing t hese ant gros fairly in the Acer J Pee: he had no con seeds every year, and that the same 
to an issue. The first is deriv icient and unnecensary die to | area n 3 year uod be fallow. (oret happily 
experience in ee) PEOR. peel lands, which |i his n bill. Nor is Micl ited to few districts, and inconsistent with an 
for. water | len fi favourable o to stock farmers, for thén j it is is that ish | advanced mode eg ban 
which has no outlet Dat thi this iti is the noo busin mid required for the purchasi ng o of stor: LU D the exception of 10 tons of straw for every 
drainage to cure. second is derived from experien a rrom p and for reproducing the dui | 100 acres Boe va sang i ME. d acres of Potatos 
k: ese ens itself, rta plonghing down the soil and up | [yield of of store sheep. Nature has therefore fitly assigned not defined, des that me 
t y Pe Pane shall phim DI M 
fry "but the precautions employed i in subsoili g of pi and man would act wisely in obeying its E farms situate in close proximity this 
à dictat use would operate adversely, while. on M Pis the 
restrictions it enforces are strikingly » Prints — 
it pen it lies, before bringing it into use, remove this agreement allows for reci cake con- | 
"— Le. rd — ccm under the head H dini b stock one-third of the 
e batt ing sin—for it is nothing but indolence—an | during the last year, and the sam 
apprehension of hg severity 1 the work for man bre d | cons nsume ed by sheep while consuming pior on X3 (8). As a tenant, porto to x a. does 
t; but n this our improvements go until Lady Day wh e he m d occupy his 
i. rein the soil, rendered more pcs mi easy | consumed upon land on which Turnips are grow | farm for another year, so ws de 6 not adopt the system 
in working, will become more so as agh- not when Turnips wie consumed upon ‘pasture iot iE ich ep apres practice sanctions of Planting prior 
s he s perm itted 
ted ^al 
he influence of these S sare Haee by agricultural practice. The manurial value of oil. | to sell." 
that the. railway sections all over the kingdom have|cake consumed upon pas ure land is greater than n time would fail me to dwell upon all the clauses, 
disclosed nothi e striking than the deem of our | that consumed on Turnip land of a der character; I shall merely mention suni poimia a. ti in the agreement 
are ma cepa Ne e oP not already alluded which appear to me 
on es 
deficiencies, no more jme b coud. 1 jun than | indeed, "n cd lessen the area under Turnips, as y saa gs is made that EA E 
in hir. ~ A exhibited for denounci: whole | valuable vicine bug Jand not suited to | v i eka suos HÍBEl, inu pity 3 
operat 8 characterised by a wilful "Miocoridunbs € folding. No allowan: et n Rape-cake, wil eiio ( (the manurial value dod doubtful) 
and rejection. of the bounties of Nature and LA: God, | alth —! valuable as 5 tailed hg i t be paid for; Potatos, which are 
tured | poin t a view. The verre yr of P OUS d Bar eam , are permitted to be sold, while Troija, which are 
rley ^ 
and exhausted by the extraction of all man d crops, | for fattening npn is now ry grent, at, and all arpio a fertilising crop, must be co on the farm. 
and vances it foie of fertile digits, not only | proves that these ern dd ts produc Fort Purchased manures applied to Potatos the last year of 
untouched but walled down by the beaten road which | manure. The —Ó Noten iguor i d the tenancy are not to be paid for by the incoming 
the long and exhaustive rape oh eye: carried | rial value of these foods rom ona Le enjoins pom tenant, althoug. i i 
on above it have trodden so as completely to cut off its| the manure made from hom ust be - inue be i 
; hai food aede te pid for. uch | of tenancy must be paid for, while if the same had 
Plan mselves send down their roots naturally to | for the outgoing tenant’s interest in the dier been conv: into m free. 
a depth which, strange to say, is so little known as food he uses. Bnt, has the incoming tenant a sufficient | (10). The erae coche om fallows — a 
scar i e e i 
th of ordi: | Su; where i n : 
ap yg 3 we raise up the Turnip on drills Er. farms; his gen? bills a are no valid guarantee for the| countenance to ihe use of corn for sto ck; ignores 
we expect the Pn and Grass exact quantity of cake consumed on each. In many ! autumn cultivation; overl f many 
