

Table of Contents 



Page 



Preface 1 



Taxonomic index of species 3 



Introduction 7 



Larva 7 



General description 7 



External morphology 8 



Cuticular appendages (9). Head (10). Thorax (16). Legs (19). 

 Abdomen (21). Anal legs (23). Tracheal gills (25). 



Anatomy 26 



Musculature (27). Intestine and excretory organs (30). Circulatory 

 system and fat body (34). Tracheal system (35). Silk glands and 

 Gilson's glands (35). Nervous system (41). Genitalia (44). 



Movement, respiration and feeding 44 



Movement (44). Respiration (48). Feeding (51). 



Growth, molting and number of larval instars 59 



Building activity 60 



Shape of the structures (60). Building methods of the cases (64). 

 Weaving of nets (73). 



Pupa 79 



General description 79 



Morphology 80 



Head (80). Thorax (81). Abdomen (81). 



Pupation 86 



Preparation or alteration of the case (86). Molting (91). 



Life of the pupa inside the pupal case 91 



Emergence of adult insect 93 



Emergence from the case (93). Emergence to land (94). 

 Hatching of the imago (94). 



Environment 95 



Ecological differentiation of caddis flies 95 



Degree of mineralization of water and organic matter 95 



Oxygen 96 



in 



PALO 



