forward and backward inside the tube. In addition to the crotchet-covered 

 sclerites, the abdominal segments bear rodlike sclerites (Figure 138, B) 

 dorsally and ventrally along the segments; these thin sclerites are 

 contiguous between the segments forming a kind of skeleton which 

 reinforces the integument of the pupa; during histolysis and histogenesis, 

 92 when the internal organs of the insect have not yet developed, the integument 

 may be deformed without this support. 



In some Annulipalpia, the posterior end of the abdomen bears appendages 

 (Figure 139) in form of broad or oblong setose lobes (Psychomyiidae, 

 Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Macronematinae) or wide rodlike processes 

 covered with setae (Hydropsychidae). 



In the suborder Integripalpia, anal appendages are present in the pupae 

 of all families. In the Phryganeidae, Lepidostomatidae and some 

 Dicosmoecinae, they form setose lobes; they are thin, straight or curved 

 93 rods of varying size and shape in most groups, covered with more or less 

 long setae (Figure 14 0). The function of the anal appendages and their setae 

 is the cleaning of the posterior opening of the pupal case. 



The ventral side of the last abdominal segment of the male pupa bears 

 a process in which the developing genitalia are enclosed; they are fully 

 formed at the end of the pupal stage. 



FIGURE 140. Anal appendages of Integripalpia: Agrypnia page- 

 tana (A), Potamophylax nigricornis, posterior end of body 

 of male, ventral (B), left anal rod, dorsal (C), P. st ell at us, left anal 

 rod, dorsal (D); Mystacides longicornis (E), M. nigra (F), 

 Lasiocephala basalis, anal rod, dorsal (G) (A, E— G — after 

 Thienemann, B— D — after Nielsen) 



85 



