phytophages have a protective coloration, and sometimes a protective form, 

 as they build their cases from the vegetation on which they live and feed, 

 e.g., the larvae of Triaenodes b i c o 1 o r, which have cases covered with 

 small spirally arranged green plant fragments and resemble green stalk; 

 the flat case of Nemotaulius resembles a leaf of Potamogeton 

 natans; the cases of Limnophilus decipiens and L. nigriceps 

 are covered with small plant fragments or pieces of leaves of E 1 o d e a. 



As the larvae of Trichoptera are ancient lithophiles, they rarely change 

 to life on loose soil. Sand bottoms are rarely inhabited by caddis flies; the 

 group of psammophiles in the families Molannidae and Leptoceridae is small; 

 the species of Molanna and Molannodes are typical inhabitants of sand 

 113 and sand-detritus bottom; they usually occur in parts protected against 



strong waves and wind on solid and moderately mobile sandy soil. Species 

 living on detritus and sand tolerate some silting; however, they avoid loose 

 silt deposits; there are no pelophiles in the order Trichoptera. 



The species of Annulipalpia are restricted to running water bodies in 

 both hemispheres; they inhabit streams of varying size, the hydrographic 

 regime and current of which vary within large limits. Annulipalpia 

 definitely avoid stagnant water; the few recent species of Annulipalpia which 

 have moved into stagnant water bodies (a few species of Polycentropodidae 

 and a large part of the Hydroptilidae) have not lost their connection with 

 running water. Life in running water may thus be considered as the ancient 

 mode of life of Annulipalpia, while the change of some species to life in 

 stagnant water should be considered as recent and secondary. 



A similar proportion of rheophilic and limnophilic forms is present also 

 in the Integripalpia; despite a widely held opinion, the inhabitants of running 

 water, Integripalpia, should be considered as an ancient group which 

 retained its ancient mode of life together with the Annulipalpia; the 

 inhabitants of stagnant water of this suborder should be considered as recent 

 immigrants there. The only difference is that this phenomenon is more 

 distinct and widespread in the recent and progressive Integripalpia. This 

 is very clearly marked in the recent and progressive family Limnophilidae, 

 which is the largest family of Integripalpia (686 species). The largest 

 subfamily of Limnophilidae is the widely distributed Holarctic subfamily 

 Limnophilinae (403 species). That subfamily is mainly adapted to life in 

 stagnant water, from deep, large lakes to small water bodies, including small 

 temporary water bodies in spring (puddles). The other 5 subfamilies of 

 Limnophilidae (Dicosmoecinae, Neophylacinae, Apataniinae, Drusinae, 

 Pseudostenophylacinae) are typical inhabitants of running water. In the 

 USSR, the families Odontoceridae, Beraeidae, Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae, 

 Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae are adapted to life in running water; 

 the large family Leptoceridae contains both rheophilic and limnophilic 

 species. The species of Molannidae predominate in lakes but are also found 

 on the sand and sand -silt bottom in the riparian region of rivers. The two 

 species of Calamoceratidae in the USSR live in calm backwaters of rivulets. 

 There is only one family of Integripalpia, the family Phryganeidae, which 

 lives almost exclusively in stagnant <$vater, * but does not lose its connection 



* Wiggins (1962) established the new subfamily YphrinaeWig. (Phryganeidae) for the species Yphria cali - 

 fornica Banks, the larvae of which live in running water. Wiggins considers the genus Yphria as the 

 most primitive genus of Phryganeidae; this suggests indirectly that the ancestors of Phryganeidae were 

 rheophilic. 



104 



