In the well-warmed ponds of the fishery farm "Puiga" (Kalinin Region) one 

 finds large numbers of only the common phytophilic species, Nemotaulius 

 punctatolineatus; this species covers its case with the large spheres 

 of No s toe which develop in masses in these ponds (Figure 112, B). The 

 larvae of Ecnomus tenellus, Oecetis furva and rarely of Li m no - 

 philus decipiens occur in ponds of the fish nursery "Goryachii Klyuch" 

 in the Krasnodar Territory, which receives its water from the Psekups 

 River. 



In small permanent ponds (either artificial or formed in floodlands) 

 isolated species frequently occur or 2 to 3 common limnophilic species; 

 characteristic forms of puddles occur in the dry parts of these ponds 

 (see below, p. 122). 



In large ponds resembling lakes with zones of plant thickets and parts 

 with a free bottom, the fauna of caddis flies is more diverse and resembles the 

 lacustrine fauna. The following species occur in plant thickets in such 

 ponds in the European USSR: Agraylea multipunctata , Oxyethira 

 sp.,Cyrnus flavidus, Phryganea striata, Ph. grandis, Mysta- 

 cides nigra, Triaenodes bicolor, Setodes tineiformis 

 (the last two species sometimes occur in large numbers), Leptocerus 

 senilis, Nemotaulius punctatolineatus, Limnophilus nigri- 

 ceps, L. rhombicus, L. politus; Molanna angustata is rare in 

 very large ponds, on sandy or slimy parts of the bottom. The preceding 

 list is much larger than the number of species found in a single pond; 

 there are usually only 5 or 6 species in a pond. The caddis fly of ponds 

 is much poorer than the lacustrine fauna and is not original (Deksbakh, 

 1931:10; Zakharenko, 1955:7-11; Lepneva, 1925:128-129; 1928b:47-51; 

 1929:608). 



Puddles and ditches. Spring puddles formed by snow, rain or 

 floodlands are temporary and shallow and dry in summer; they sometimes 

 form again in autumn; they freeze in winter. During their short existence, 

 the conditions in these open, well-illuminated and warmed water bodies 

 with their abundant food supply are nearly optimal for many limnophilic 

 forms; the water temperature of the puddles rises above 20° in April in 

 temperate latitudes; it reaches 21—22° in early May; the oxygen content 

 of parts with green vegetation is usually higher than normal during the day. 



Puddles have a characteristic fauna (Lukin, 1954:90—92). Caddis flies 

 are not the most typical elements of the fauna, but they are represented 

 in puddles by several species which are characteristic for temporary water 

 bodies; they have a short metamorphosis which enables them to complete 

 their development during the short existence of the puddle. The four small 

 species of Limnophilus: L. centralis, L. griseus, L. sparsus and 

 L. vittatus constantly occur in puddles in the European USSR in spring; 

 their larvae have smooth, slightly curved cases of sand or fine detritus; 

 L. vittatus is especially characteristic of puddles. In puddles with a 

 rich green vegetation, one usually finds in spring large larvae of L. stigma 

 with their large cases covered with plant particles arranged transversely 

 and projecting laterally; these larvae are already near pupation in the first 

 129 half of May; in the rich aquatic vegetation of meadow puddles, one finds in 

 spring, together with L. stigma, the large larvae of Grammotaulius 



121 



