After Ulmer's classifications of 1903 and 1906, neither Thienemann nor 

 Siltala described adult Trichoptera; the adults bred from larvae and pupae 

 were identified by Klapalek and Ulmer. The study of the early stages of 

 Trichoptera enabled them to establish the true phylogenetic relationship 

 between some groups in some cases; this induced Thienemann to make 

 some objections to the system of Ulmer of 1903, and later, also to Ulmer's 

 revised system of 1906 (Thienemann, 1905b:542; Siltala, 1907:599-600). 



After a number of short papers, Thienemann published (1905) a lengthy 

 paper on the morphology and biology of the pupae (see p. 177). The material 

 is arranged according to Ulmer's system (1903). Thienemann found some 

 assumptions in this system which contradicted the natural relationships 

 between the groups. He made some corrections of the system, based on the 

 morphology and biology of the pupa; these corrections have been widely 

 accepted. Thienemann (l905b:542— 543) proposed the following changes. 



l) To remove the subfamily Philopotaminae (genera Philopotamus 

 and Wormaldia) from the family Hydropsychidae of Ulmer (1903), to 

 consider it as an independent family, and to place this primitive family below 

 the Polycentropodinae and Ecnominae of Ulmer. This was accepted in the 

 later work of Ulmer. 

 134 2) To remove the subfamily Odontocerinae from the family Leptoceridae 

 and consider it as the family Odontoceridae. 



Thienemann is also of the opinion, on the basis of the morphology of the 

 pupae, that the family Sericostomatidae is not homogeneous. 



Ulmer accepted the foregoing suggestions; he published a system of 

 12 families (1906), which included the additional and following 5 families:* 

 Molannidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, Polycentropodidae, Philopo- 

 tamidae. 



The activity of the Finnish specialist of Trichoptera, Siltala, was very 

 short (1900—1908)** but most productive. He published a series of 

 interesting papers (1900— 1905), describing intensively larvae and pupae of 

 all families of the order occurring in Finland; he also dealt with the biology 

 of these forms; from 1906 on, Siltala published his "Trichopterologische 

 Untersuchungen, " with large supplements on the morphology and biology of 

 the order. Only 2 of these "Untersuchungen" were published (1906, 1907). 



In the first of the "Trichopterologische Untersuchungen" Siltala (1906) 

 drew interesting conclusions based on his observations of the egg masses 

 of Trichoptera. He showed that the group of families with campodeiform 

 larvae have egg masses arranged in rows or plates, consisting of an opaque 

 viscous mass in which the eggs are arranged close to each other without 

 any order; he also showed that families with eruciform larvae have egg 

 masses which are surrounded by a transparent gelatinous mass swelling 

 in water. Anticipating the generalizations of Martynov (1924), Siltala 

 "made a reservation," considering the group of families with campodeiform 

 larvae and egg masses of the first type as one of the "suborders"; he 

 considered the group with eruciform larvae and gelatinous egg masses as 

 another "suborder"; however, the artificial suborders of Kolenati were 

 widely accepted until 1924 and neither Siltala nor other authors suggested 

 abolishing them and replacing them with new ones. Siltala proved the 



* Quoted in the order given by the author. 



** Siltala signed his works with the name Silfvenius, which is a "Scandinavized" pseudonym. From 1906 on, 

 he signed with his Finnish name, Siltala. We use his true national name, according to his wish. 



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