larvae; they placed the whole large, ancient suborder Annulipalpia in the 

 small upper part of their diagram. In fact, however, flowing waters with 

 their widely varying speed of current are the environment in which the 

 main part of Trichoptera became differentiated and in which it reached its 

 recent level of development.* 



On the other hand, stagnant water was a relatively little inhabited 

 environment in the history of the order; it was inhabited by only isolated 

 families (Phryganeidae) and some branches of a few large families (usually 

 small families such as the limnophilic Polycentropodidae and Leptoceridae). 

 The tribe Limnophilini of the large subfamily Limnophilinae was the only 

 large group represented in this environment.** 



Milne does not discuss the morphology of the larvae except in a general 

 way when he divides the order into Martynov's suborders; he mentions only 

 the presence or absence of ocelli in adults in the scheme based on the 

 155 larvae ecology. Of biological problems, he mentions in a general way only 

 the mode of feeding; he says that the Annulipalpia are predators and that 

 the Integripalpia are phytophagous or scavengers. He does not mention 

 the high differentiation of the mode of feeding of the Annulipalpia. 



Ross (1956: 10) made a phylogenetic scheme of the order which was based 

 on the full-grown larvae. 



The morphological characters of the larvae of Rhyacophilidae, 

 Glossosomatidae and Hydroptilidae (especially details which relate these 

 groups with Integripalpia) gave Ross convincing and weighty arguments 

 to place this primitive and genetically uniform group of families in the center 

 of his phylogenetic scheme. This group is intermediate in the larvae 

 between the other more specialized Annulipalpia and the Integripalpia. 

 Ross made this scheme biologically complex and included the characters 

 of the larvae, pupae and adults. He considered the following as primitive 

 characters of the stages of development: in the larva — l) antennae short, 

 situated at base of the mandibles; 2) trochantin free, separated from 

 episternum by a narrow membranous stripe; 3) pronotum sclerotized; 

 mesonotum and metanotum membranous; 4) anal legs long, with a claw 

 articulated to the sclerite by a bridge; in the pupa — absence of anal lobes; 

 in the adult — l) presence of ocelli; 2) males and females have 5 -segmented 

 maxillary palps and 3 -segmented labial palps; 3) ventral appendages of the 

 male genitalia are 2 -segmented. 



Ross based his phylogenetic constructions on ancestral forms of a 

 different degree of antiquity. The primary divergence of the most ancient 

 ancestor of Trichoptera developed into 2 ancestral forms, "A" and "B"; 

 "A" developed into the group living in immovably attached shelters with a 

 soft dorsum of abdominal segment 9 and with a divided last segment of the 

 maxillary palps of the adults; t "B" developed into free-living larvae with 

 a dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment 9 and an undivided last segment of 

 the maxillary palps. The first group includes all the recent Annulipalpia tt 



* This is well expressed in the Russian name of Trichoptera which describes the environment; the English 

 and German names (case -flies; Kocherfliegen) describe the fact that these insects are case -bearers, or, 

 in other words, apply only to Integripalpia. 

 ** All the other 5 subfamilies of the family and the 3 tribes of Limnophilinae are rheophilic. 

 t McLachlan's concept of Hydropsyche and the recent Annulipalpia. 



tt Ross (1956:10, chapter 1) does not use the division of Trichoptera into suborders; however, the whole left 

 part of his diagram represents all Annulipalpia (Hydroptilidae to Psychomyiidae), the right part represents 

 all Integripalpia. 



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