of the building is expressed in the selection of the most suitable detritus 

 particles or of those with the most uniform shape (e.g., in Limnophilus). 

 This complication is expressed in the preliminary processing of the building 

 material such as biting off small twigs, or cutting pieces of stalks and 

 leaves into a definite shape; this processing of the vegetable fragments often 

 results in the complex case of eruciform larvae, which is a mimicry, and 

 such a case is an example of the most recent high specialization of the 

 building. 



172 The same evolution took place in the building of structures from mineral 

 particles; the mineral particles were first used without selection; the insect 

 then began to make a selection which was often meticulous and accurate, 

 resulting in the mosaic structures of Molannidae or in the smooth tubes of 

 Dicosmaecinae and Stenophilacini, which are covered with sand grains of 

 uniform shape. 



The development of the case -bearing habit in the Integripalpia markedly 

 enlarged the adaptive possibilities of the suborder. The adaptation to new 

 conditions did not require a full morphological reconstruction of the body; 

 in some cases, a change of the form of the case and its method of building 

 were sufficient. 



The Trichoptera are from time immemorial adapted to life in flowing 

 water; as already repeatedly stated, it also remained such with the Integ- 

 ripalpia. The tubular shape of the case with its solid walls enabled the 

 tube bearers to create an artificial water current inside the case by 

 rhythmic movements of the body; this facilitated the extension of the 

 ecological range of the larvae of species of Integripalpia; this also 

 extended the geographical range by enabling it to spread into stagnant water. 

 The family Phryganeidae, which is specific for stagnant water, developed; 

 this family has not lost its connection with water with a slow current to the 

 present time. The largest of the 4 tribes of the subfamily Limnophilinae 

 (Limnophilini) is also restricted to stagnant water (the other 3 tribes of the 

 subfamily live in flowing water). Among the water bodies inhabited by 

 species of Limnophilini there are very shallow water bodies, including 

 temporary marshes and puddles in spring. Some species of Integripalpia 

 are adapted to life in very shallow water among tree remains and fallen 

 leaves in flooded areas of springs, or they live in the splash zone, belonging 

 to the fauna of wet stones and mosses. 



The ecological range of the suborder became further enlarged beyond 

 the water; it spread to littoral and even more remote biotopes, e. g., the 

 species of Ironoquia (Limnophilidae) came out of the water to pupate; 

 the genus Enoicyla (Limnophilidae) lives outside the water in all stages 

 of development, so that it is a true terrestrial species. 



Authors apparently unanimously consider the Annulipalpia as more 

 primitive than the Integripalpia. An analysis of the relationship in the early 

 stages of development shows that the Integripalpia should also be regarded 

 as less independent; they should be considered a stem equivalent to the 

 Annulipalpia (as shown in Martynov's phyletic scheme of the insect orders 

 (1938: Plate l)); Martynov derives the Lepidoptera from Integripalpia; the 



173 Integripalpia should be considered in analogy as an ancient branch of the 

 Annulipalpia. According to their origin and position in the classification 

 of the recent fauna, the Integripalpia are more closely related to the lower 

 Paleochaetoidea, especially to the Hydroptilidae. The latter family also has 

 a tendency to bear a case in its phylogenesis (but in a different form). 



162 



