177 Large Cyprinidae such as Hemibarbus labia and H. maculatus 

 feed in the Amur on the larvae of Hydropsyche, Aethaloptera ros- 

 sica, Macronema radiatum, Amphipsyche p r o 1 ut a, various 

 species of Psychomyiidae, Polycentropodidae, Phryganeidae and other 

 families. Trichoptera are found by the hundreds in the stomachs of the 

 aforementioned fishes (540—627 specimens); they form 23.9—39.4% of their 

 diet on the average. In the Amur Trichoptera are eaten by Gobio 

 ussuriensis, Chilogobio soldatovi and S a r c o c h il i c h ty s 

 sinensis lacustrisj these small fishes have no economic importance 

 but are the food of important predatory fishes. Gobio gobio also feeds 

 on Trichoptera (Klyuchareva, 1952:371). 



Trichoptera are part of the food of Bagridae in the Amur; 501 — 689 spe- 

 cimens were found in the stomach of Liocassis ussuriensis, 

 forming on the average 40.5% of the food of this fish; 49.2% (sometimes 100%) 

 of the food of Pseudobagrus fulvidraco consists of Trichoptera. 

 Both species feed on larvae of Hydropsychidae (Hydropsyche nevae, 

 Hydropsyche sp., M a c r o ne ma radiatum, Aethaloptera 

 rossica, Amphipsyche prolut a), Polycentropodidae, Leptoceridae 

 and Brachycentrus subnubilus. Small catfish also feed to a large 

 extent on Trichoptera (Klyuchareva, 1952:371—380). 



Many young predators feed on Trichoptera as accidental or supplementary 

 food. When Perca fl u v i at i 1 i s, which is mainly a littoral fish, reaches 

 a length of 4—8 cm, it begins to feed on Trichoptera; it also feeds on them 

 later. Single specimens or small numbers of Trichoptera are swallowed 

 by young Lucioperca lucioperca, Acerina cernua, young E s o x 

 lucius and Lota lota (Gadidae) (Shevchenya, 1940:103— 115; Romanova, 

 1948:191, 193; 1949:29-30; Sal'dau, 1949:214-217). In Lake Kurgal'dzhin, the 

 food of adult perch in spring contains 16.9% of Trichoptera; the summer 

 diet of the fingerlings contains 20.1% of Trichoptera (Tyuten'kov, 1956:167). 



Trichoptera are eaten by Anguilla anguilla, Cottus sibiricus, 

 Nemachilus amudarjensis in the Aral Sea and N. stoliczkai; 

 Trichoptera were found in the food of the Turkestan catfish C ly pto - 

 sternum reticulatum (Nikol'skii, 1938:210, Figure 62). Agrypnetes 

 crassicornis, Oecetis intima form part of the food of Abramis 

 sapa, Pelecus cu It r atu s, Rut ilu s rutilus and Lucioperca 

 lucioperca in the Aral Sea (Pankratova, 1935:205—206). 



Trichoptera are part of the food of domestic and wild aquatic birds or 

 birds connected with water; Cinclus pallasii feeds on caddis flies 

 together with other rheophilic insects; it gathers the larvae directly from 

 the bottom of small brooks. 



Terrestrial birds and some mammals feed on Trichoptera, especially 

 when they fly in large numbers. For example, the white wagtail, the house 

 martin and other birds feed their nestlings almost exclusively with caddis 

 flies which appear on the shore of Lake Baikal in such large numbers that trees 

 and stones are covered with them; at that time, Trichoptera are also eaten 

 there by frogs, snakes, lizards and even bears, which collect the insects 



178 from under upturned stones (Gusev, 1956). According to observations in the 

 Kola Peninsula, adult Trichoptera are eaten by the hazel grouse, brambling, 

 buntings, yellow wagtail, and goldcrest (Novikov, 1952:1166, 1179—1181, 1184). 

 Starling, great tit, redwing, warblers and linnet feed their nestlings with 



167 



